Archaeology Gives New Reality to Paul’s Ephesus Riot - The BAS Library

You have already read your free article for this month. Please join the BAS Library or become an All Access member of BAS to gain full access to this article and so much more.

Join the BAS Library!

Already a library member? Log in here.

Institution user? Log in with your IP address or Username

Endnotes

1.

Censuses of ancient cities did not exist according to modern standards. In The Rise of Christianity (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996), p. 131, Rodney Stark estimates Ephesus as the third-largest city of the Roman Empire (following Rome and Alexandria) with a population of 200,000, and Antioch the fourth largest with 150,000. Mark Wilson, Biblical Turkey: A Guide to the Jewish and Christian Sites of Asia Minor (Istanbul: Yaylinlari, 2010), p. 200, estimates the population of Ephesus at 250,000, slightly less than that of Antioch.

2.

F.F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984), p. 367; Ernst Haenchen, The Acts of the Apostles: A Commentary (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971), p. 575.

3.

Polybius, Histories 21.6.7; 21.37.5–6; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.19.4.

4.

See Sarah Morris, “Zur Vorgeschichte der Artemis Ephesia,” in Ulrike Muss, ed., Die Archäologie der ephesischen Artemis: Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtums (Vienna: Phoibos-Verlag, 2008), pp. 58–59.

5.

First proposed by Gerard Seiterle, “Artemis, die grosse Göttin von Ephesos,” Antike Welt 10 (1979), pp. 3–16; followed by Robert Fleischer, “Neues zu kleinasiatischen Kultstatuen,” Archaeolögischer Anzeiger (1983), pp. 81–93; and recently by Guy MacLean Rogers, The Mysteries of Artemis of Ephesos. Cult, Polis, and Change in the Greco-Roman World (New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 2012), p. 119. For a survey of the Mother Goddess figure and her relation to Ephesian Artemis, see James R. Edwards, “Galatians 5:12: Circumcision, the Mother Goddess, and the Scandal of the Cross,” Novum Testamentum 53 (2011), pp. 319–337.

6.

See Wilhelm Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, vol. 2 (Hildesheim, Zürich and New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1986), pp. 125–183.

7.

Cited in Rosalinde A. Kearsley and Trevor V. Evans, eds., Greeks and Romans in Imperial Asia: Mixed Language Inscriptions and Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Interactions until the End of A.D. 111 (Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBH, 2001), pp. 134–135.

8.

Walter Bauer and Frederick William Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 206.

9.

Bauer and Danker, Greek-English Lexicon, pp. 14–15, “the courts are in session.”

10.

William M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire Before A.D. 170 (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979), pp. 112–145.