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Footnotes
See Victor Goodside, “Why Is a Bilbil Called a Bilbil?” BAR 14:01.
Endnotes
The earliest remains of the opium poppy may have been found in west-central Europe because the fossil material was preserved in frozen peat. See M. D. Merlin, On the Trail of the Ancient Opium Poppy (Cranbury, N.J.: Associated Univ. Presses, 1984). M. Booth’s Opium. A History (London: Pocket Books, 1997) deals with opium in antiquity incompletely and inaccurately.
See A. Evans, The Palace of Minos, 2:2 (London: Macmillan and Co., 1928), pl. 30 a,b; and C. Zervos, L’art de la Créte néolithique et minoenne (Paris: Editions “Cahiers d’art,” 1956), fig. 619.
See Zervos, L’art de la Créte, figs. 774, 775; S. Hood, The Arts in Prehistoric Greece (Harmonds-worth, England: Penguin Books, 1978.), p. 109, fig. 92; A. Kanta, The Late Minoan III Period in Crete (Göteborg: Paul Astroms Forlag, 1980), p. 20; and J.A. Sakellarakis, Herakleion Museum. Illustrated Guide (Athens, 1995), no. 9305.
See R. S. Merrillees, “Opium Trade in the Bronze Age Levant,” Antiquity 36 (1962); and The Cypriote Bronze Age Pottery Found in Egypt (Lund, Sweden: Paul Astroms Forlag, 1968).
See K. Koschel, “Opium Alkaloids in a Cypriote Base Ring I Vessel (Bilbil) of the Middle Bronze Age from Egypt,” Ägypten und Levante 6 (1996), pp. 159–166; and N.G. Bisset et al., “The Presence of Opium in a 3,500 Year Old Cypriote Base-ring Juglet,” Ägypten und Levante 6 (1996).
Guido Majno notes the role opium could have had in healing but emphasizes that “next to nothing is known about the effectiveness of ancient drugs” (G. Majno, The Healing Hand. Man and Wound in the Ancient World [Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975], p. 108.
See P.G. Kritikos and S.N. Papadaki, “The history of the poppy and opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area,” Bulletin on Narcotics 19:3, fig. 10; A. J. B. Wace, “Chamber Tombs at Mycenae,” Archaeolo-gia 82 (1932), pl. 38, 75; and K. Demakopoulou, O Thesauros ton Aidhonion (Athens, 1996 ), no. 34.
J. Scarborough, “The Opium Poppy in Hellenistic and Roman Medicine,” in Porter and Teich, eds., Drugs and Narcotics in History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1995).
See R. Joffroy, “La Tombe de Vix,” Foundation Eugéne Piot. Monuments et Mémoires 48:1 (1954); C. Picard, “Le diadéme d’or de Vix: pavots et Pégases,” Revue archéologique 45 (1955).
The diadem is similar to an ivory carving from seventh-century B.C. Samos (Kritikos and Papa-daki, “The history,” p. 35.).