Pigs as an Ethnic Marker? You Are What You Eat
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Endnotes
My research was funded by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007–2013) ERC grant agreement no. 229418, awarded to Israel Finkelstein (Tel Aviv University) and Steve Weiner (The Weizmann Institute of Science).
Brian Hesse, “Pig Lovers and Pig Haters: Patterns of Palestinian Pork Production,” Journal of Ethnobiology 10 (1990), pp. 195–225.
Avraham Faust, Israel’s Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance (London: Equinox, 2006); Israel Finkelstein, “Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron-I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan—Can the Real Israel Stand Up?” Biblical Archaeologist 59 (1996), pp. 198–212; Lawrence E. Stager, “Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel,” in Michael D. Coogan, ed., The Oxford History of the Biblical World (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998), pp. 123–175.
Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish, “Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?” in Neal Asher Silberman and David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel: Contructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), pp. 238–270; Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish, “Pig Use and Abuse in the Ancient Levant: Ethnoreligious Boundary-Building with Swine,” in Sarah M. Nelson, ed., Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in Prehistory, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 15 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), pp. 123–135; Justin Lev-Tov, Pigs, Philistines, and the Ancient Animal Economy of Ekron from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age II (Israel), Ph.D. Dissertation (Memphis: University of Tennessee, 2000); Melinda A. Zeder, “The Role of Pigs in Near Eastern Subsistence: A View from the Southern Levant,” in Joe D. Seger, ed., Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of Gus W. Van Beek (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1996), pp. 297–331; Melinda A. Zeder, “Pigs and Emergent Complexity in the Near East,” MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 13 (1996), pp. 109–122.
See full list of references and figures in Lidar Sapir-Hen, Guy Bar-Oz, Yuval Gadot and Israel Finkelstein, “Pig Husbandry in Iron Age Israel and Judah: New Insights Regarding the Origin of the ‘Taboo,’” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 129 (2013), pp. 1–20.
See also Aren M. Maeir, Louise A. Hitchcock and Liora Kolska Horwitz, “On the Constitution and Transformation of Philistine Identity,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32 (2013), pp. 1–38.
Avraham Faust and Justin Lev-Tov, “Philistia and the Philistines in the Iron Age I: Interaction, Ethnic Dynamics and Boundary Maintenance,” HIPHIL Novum 2 (2014), pp. 1–24.
Meirav Meiri, Dorothée Huchon, Guy Bar-Oz, Elisabetta Boaretto, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Aren M. Maeir, Lidar Sapir-Hen, Greger Larson, Steve Weiner and Israel Finkelstein, “Ancient DNA and Population Turnover in Southern Levantine Pigs—Signature of the Sea Peoples Migration?” Scientific Reports (2013), pp. 1–8.
Avraham Faust and Justin Lev-Tov, “The Constitution of Philistine Identity: Ethnic Dynamics in Twelfth to Tenth Century Philistia,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 30 (2011), pp. 13–31.
Justin Lev-Tov, “A Plebeian Perspective on Empire Economies: Faunal Remains from Tel Miqne-Ekron, Israel,” in Douglas Campana, Alice Choyke, Pamela Crabtree, Susan D. Defrance and Justin Lev-Tov, eds., Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010), pp. 90–104.
Lester L. Grabbe, “The Kingdom of Israel from Omri to the Fall of Samaria: If We Had Only the Bible,” in Lester L. Grabbe, ed., Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty, European Seminar in Historical Methodology 6, Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 421 (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2007), pp. 54–99.