Relics in Rubble: The Temple Mount Sifting Project
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Footnotes
See Strata: “How Many?” BAR 40:04.
See Strata: “Child’s Eagle Eyes Spy Egyptian Amulet,” BAR 42:05.
See Robert Deutsch, “JPFs: More Questions than Answers,” BAR 40:05; Shmuel Ahituv, “Did God Have a Wife?” BAR 32:05; Ephraim Stern, “Pagan Yahwism: The Folk Religion of Ancient Israel,” BAR 27:03.
See Frankie Snyder, Gabriel Barkay and Zachi Dvira, “What the Temple Mount Floor Looked Like.”
Endnotes
The Temple Mount Sifting Project is carried out under the academic auspices of the Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology at Bar-Ilan University. The initial funds were provided by the Heritage Foundation of Abraham and Frieda Wiener. Since 2005 the project has been funded by private donors through the Ir-David Foundation. The research on the finds is funded by private donors through the Israel Archaeology Foundation and the Israel Exploration Society. We are indebted to them all.
See other examples in Ya’akov Meshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage (New York: Amphora Books, 1982), pp. 109–113.
They were not used to seal an object but rather as a kind of voucher or token. See Nahman Avigad, “Two Hebrew ‘Fiscal’ Bullae,” Israel Exploration Journal 40 (1990), pp. 262–266; Robert Deutsch, “Six Hebrew Fiscal Bullae from the Time of Hezekiah,” in Meir Lubetski and Edith Lubetski, eds., New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2012), pp. 59–67; Gabriel Barkay, “Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom—A Fiscal Bulla from the Slopes of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae,” in Meir Lubetski and Edith Lubetski, eds., Recording New Epigraphic Evidence: Essays in Honor of Robert Deutsch (Jerusalem: Leshon Limudim Ltd., 2015), pp. 17–50.
See Eilat Mazar, “Archaeological Evidence for the ‘Cows of the Bashan who are in the Mountains of Samaria,’” in B. Akzin et al., eds, Festschrift Reuben R. Hecht (Jerusalem: Koren, 1979), p. 152; Yonatan Nadelman, “Iron Age II Clay Fragments from the Excavations—Appendix A,” in Eilat Mazar and Benjamin Mazar, eds., Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount, Qedem 29 (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1989), p. 123; William G. Dever, Recent Archaeological Discoveries and the Biblical Research (Seattle/London: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 159; Gabriel Barkay, “The Iron Age II–III,” in Amnon Ben-Tor, ed., The Archaeology of Ancient Israel (trans. R. Greenberg; New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1992), pp. 302–373; and a list of other references in Raz Kletter, The Judean Pillar-Figurines and the Archaeology of Asherah, British Archaeological Reports International Series 636 (Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1996), p. 54.
Zachi Dvira (Zweig), Gal Zigdon and Lara Shilov, “Secondary Refuse Aggregates from the First and Second Temple Periods on the Eastern Slope of the Temple Mount,” in Eyal Baruch, Ayelet Levy-Reifer and Avraham Faust, eds., New Studies on Jerusalem XVII (Ramat-Gan, Israel: Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, 2011), p. 83 [Hebrew].
Erin Darby, Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2/69 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), p. 408.
Yoram Tsafrir, “The Temple-Less Mountain,” in B.Z. Kedar and O. Grabar, eds., Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade (Jerusalem and Austin: Yad Ben-Zvi Press/University of Texas Press, 2009), pp. 94–99; Andreas Kaplony, The Haram of Jerusalem 324–1099 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002), pp. 2–31.