Roman Cult, Jewish Rebels Share Jerusalem Cave Site
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Endnotes
1.
The research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF-Grant No. 104/13). The survey was carried out by the authors (IAA permits S-133/2009; S-161/2010, S-287/2011, S-364/2012; G-43/2014; S-364/2016). See Boaz Zissu, Roi Porat, Boaz Langford and Amos Frumkin, “Archaeological Remains of the Bar Kokhba Revolt in the Te’omim Cave (Mughâret Umm et Tûeimîn), Western Jerusalem Hills,” Journal of Jewish Studies 62 (2011), pp. 262–283; Boaz Zissu, Eitan Klein, Uri Davidovich, Roi Porat, Boaz Langford and Amos Frumkin, “Votive Offerings from the Late Roman Period in the Te’omim Cave, Western Jerusalem Hills,” in Oren Tal and Zeev Weiss, eds., Expressions of Cult in the Southern Levant in the Greco-Roman Period: Manifestations in Text and Material Culture (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2017), pp. 111–130. The survey was carried out by the authors on behalf of the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology at Bar-Ilan University and the Cave Research Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with assistance from the Jeselsohn Epigraphic Center of Jewish History at Bar-Ilan University and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA).
2.
See Amos Frumkin, Miryam Bar-Matthews, Uri Davidovich, Boaz Langford, Roi Porat, Micka Ullman and Boaz Zissu, “In-situ Dating of Ancient Quarries and the Source of Flowstone (‘Calcite-Alabaster’) Artifacts in the Southern Levant,” Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (2014), pp. 749–758.
3.
There are many different types of hoards; two common categorizations are the “savings” hoard and the “emergency” hoard. A “savings” hoard is created by gradually accumulating coins over a period of time. The coins in such a hoard tend to be of high denomination, in good condition and covering a wide range of dates. Such a hoard is concealed for safety, and if the owner dies suddenly, the hoard is left buried for future generations to discover. An “emergency” hoard typically represents the coins the owner was able to gather and hide when under threat of robbery or looting, and it thus reflects the proportions of current coin types. Occurrences of such hoards can frequently be related to periods of disruption and upheaval, like the Bar-Kokhba War, that prevented the owners from returning to recover their possessions. The long life-span of Hoard B and Hoard C may indicate that they were initially “savings” hoards, but due to the vexed times, they were taken away to the cave and hidden, and therefore they turned into “emergency” hoards.
6.
Some of its details are alluded to in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, probably composed in the seventh century B.C.E.