Abbreviations
a. acre
Am. Amos
‘Arakh. ‘Arakhin
Avot Pirkei Avot
A.Z. ‘Avodah Zarah
b. born
B.B. Bava Batra
BCE before the common era
Beits. Beitsah
Bekh. Bekhorot
Ber. Berakhot
Bik. Bikkurim
B.M. Bava Metsi‘a
B.Q. Bava Qamma
B.T. Babylonian Talmud
c. circa, about, approximately
cat. Catalogue
CE of the common era
cent. Century
cf. confer, compare
1 Chr. 1 Chronicles
2 Chr. 2 Chronicles
cm centimeter
Col. Colossians
comp. compiler (pl., comps.)
1 Cor. 1 Corinthians
2 Cor. 2 Corinthians
cu cubic
d. died
Dan. Daniel
Dem. Dem’ai
diss. dissertation
div. division
dm decimeter
Dt. Deuteronomy
EB Early Bronze
Eccles. Ecclesiastes
ed. editor; edition; edited by
‘Eduy. ‘Eduyyot
e.g. exempli gratia, for example
Eph. Ephesians
‘Eruv. ‘Eruvin
ESR Electro Spin Resonance
et al. et alii, and others
Ex. Exodus
Ezek. Ezekiel
f. and following (pl., ff.)
fig. figure
g gram
Gal. Galatians
Gen. Genesis
Git. Gittin
Hab. Habakkuk
Heb. Hebrews
Hg. Haggai
Hor. Horayot
Hos. Hosea
ibid. ibidem, in the same place
id. idem, the same
in. inch
Iron Iron Age
Is. Isaiah
Jas. James
Jer. Jeremiah
Jg. Judges
Jn. John
Jon. Jonah
Jos. Joshua
J.T. Jerusalem Talmud
Kel. Kelim
Ker. Keritot
Ket. Ketubbot
kg kilogram
1 Kg. 1 Kings
2 Kg. 2 Kings
Kil. Kil’ayim
km kilometer
l. locus
Lam. Lamentations
LB Late Bronze
lb. pound
Lev. Leviticus
Lk. Luke
loc. cit. the place cited
m meter
Mal. Malachi
1 Macc. 1 Maccabees
2 Macc. 2 Maccabees
Mak. Makkot
Makh. Makhshirin
MB Middle Bronze
Meg. Megillah
Me‘il. Me‘ilah
Men.
mi. mile
Mi. Micah
Mid. Middot
mill. millennium
Miq. Miqva’ot
Mk. Mark
ml milliliter
mm millimeter
Mo‘ed Q. Mo‘ed Qatan
Mt. Matthew
MT Masoretic text
n. note
Nah. Nahum
Naz. Nazir
n.d. no date
Ned. Nedarim
Neg. Nega‘im
Neh. Nehemiah
Nid. Niddah
n.p. no place
n.s. new series
Num. Numbers
Ob. Obadiah
Ohal. Ohalot
op. cit. opere citato, in the work cited
Par. Parah
PEF Palestine Exploration Fund
Pes.
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy
Phil. Philippians
Philem. Philemon
pl. plate
PPN Pre-Pottery Neolithic
PPNA Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
PPNB Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
PPNC Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
Proc. Proceedings
Prov. Proverbs
Ps. Psalms
P.T. Palestinian Talmud
pt. part
1 Pt. 1 Peter
2 Pt. 2 Peter
Qid. Qiddushin
Qin. Qinnim
q.v. quod vide, which see
r. reigned; ruled
Rab. Rabbah
rev. revised
Rev. Revelation
Rom. Romans
1 Sam. 1 Samuel
2 Sam. 2 Samuel
San. Sanhedrin
sect. section
Shab. Shabbat
Shev. Shevu‘ot
Sheq. Sheqalim
Song Song of Solomon
Sot. Sotah
sq. square
St. Saint (pl., SS.)
Suk. Sukkah
Ta‘an. Ta‘anit
Tam. Tamid
Tem. Temurah
Ter. Terumot
1 Thes. 1 Thessalonians
2 Thes. 2 Thessalonians
1 Tim. 1 Timothy
2 Tim. 2 Timothy
TL Thermoluminescence
Toh. Tohorot
tr. translator; translated by
Trans. Transactions
Univ. University
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
Zech. Zechariah
Zeph. Zephaniah
AAA: Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology
AASOR: Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
ABD, 1992: The Anchor Bible Dictionary 1–6 (ed. D. N. Freedman), New York 1992
Abel, GP: F. M. Abel, Géographie de la Palestine 1–2, Paris 1933–1938
ACOR: The First 25 Years, 1993: ACOR: The First 25 Years: The American Center of Oriental Research, 1968–1993 (American Center of Oriental Research Occasional Papers 1), Amman 1993
ADAJ: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan
AE: L’Année Épigraphique (quoted by year and inscription no.)
AfO: Archiv für Orientforschung
Aharoni, LB: Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography, London 1966, 1967 (2nd. ed.)
AJA: American Journal of Archaeology
AJSLL: American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature
Akkadica Supplementum 7–8 (1989): Archaeology of Jordan 2/1–12, Field Reports, Surveys and Sites (Akkadica Supplementum 7–8, eds. D. Homes-Fredericq & J. B. Hennessy), Leuven 1989
‘Alon: Bulletin of the Israel Department of Antiquities (Hebrew)
Alt, GIPT: A. Alt, Die Griechischen Inschriften der Palästina Tertia Westlich der Araba, Berlin and Leipzip 1921 (quoted by inscription no.)
Alt, KSch.: A. Alt, Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel 1–3, Munich 1953–1959
American Archaeology in the Mideast: American Archaeology in the Mideast: A History of the ASOR (ed. P. T. King), Philadelphia 1983
Ancient Synagogues, 1995: Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery (Studia Post-Biblical 47; eds. D. Urman & P. V. M. Flesher), Leiden 1995
ANET: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (ed. J. B. Pritchard), Princeton 1950
APEF: see PEFA
The Aqueducts of Israel, 2002: The Aqueducts of Israel (JRA Suppl. Series 46; eds. D. Amit et al.), Portsmouth RI 2002
The Archaeology of Death, 1995: The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East (Oxbow Monographs in Archaeology 51; eds. S. Campbell & A. J. Green), Oxford 1995
Archaeology, History and Culture in Palestine and the Near East, 1999: Archaeology, History and Culture in Palestine and the Near East (A. E. Glock Fest.; ASOR Books 3; ed. T. Kapitan), Atlanta, GA 1999
The Archaeology of Israel, 1997: The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (JSOT Suppl. Series 237; eds. N. A. Silberman & D. Small), Sheffield 1997
The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond, 2000: The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond (J. A. Sauer Fest.; Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant, Harvard Semitic Museum Publications 1; eds. L. E. Stager et al.), Winona Lake, IN 2000
The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, 1995: The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (New Approaches in Anthropological Archaeology; ed. T. E. Levy), London 1995
Archaeometry Date List 31 (2000), 2002: Radiocarbon Dates from the Oxford AMS System: Archaeometry Date List 31 (Archaeometry 44/3, Suppl. 1), Oxford 2002
The Architecture of Ancient Israel, 1992: The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods (I. Dunayevsky Fest.; eds. A. Kempinski & R. Reich), Jerusalem 1992
ASOR: American Schools of Oriental Research
ASOR Symposia: Symposia Celebrating the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1900–1975) (ed. F. M. Cross, Jr.), Cambridge, MA 1979
ASR: Ancient Synagogues Revealed (ed. L. I. Levine), Jerusalem 1981
‘Atiqot: Journal of the Israel Antiquities Authority
AUSS: Andrews University Seminary Studies
Avi-Yonah, HL: M. Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land, Grand Rapids 1966
AWA: Advances in World Archaeology
BA: Biblical Archaeologist
BAIAS: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society
Baldi: D. Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum Sanctorum, Jerusalem 1935 (quoted by text no.)
BAR: Biblical Archaeology Review
BAR/IS: British Archaeological Reports/International Series, Oxford
BASOR: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BAT II, 1993: Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June–July 1990, Jerusalem 1993
BBSAJ: Bulletin of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem
Beck, Imagery and Representation: P. Beck, Imagery and Representation: Studies in the Art and Iconography of Ancient Palestine—Collected Articles (TA Occasional Publications 3; eds. N. Na’aman et al.), Tel Aviv 2002
Benoit et al., Discoveries 2: P. Benoit, J. T. Milik, & R. de Vaux, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2 (Les Grottes de Murabba‘at), Oxford 1961
Beyond Tools, 2001: Beyond Tools: Redefining the PPN Lithic Assemblages of the Levant, 3rd Workshop on PPN Lithic Industries (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 9; eds. I. Caneva et al.), Berlin 2001
BH: Buried History
BIAL: Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London
BIES: Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (Hebrew)
BJPES: Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society
Bliss-Macalister, Excavations: F. J. Bliss & R. A. S. Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898–1900, London 1902
BMB: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
BN: Biblische Notizen
BR: Bible Review
Brünnow–Domaszewski, Die Provincia Arabia: R. E. Brünnow & A. V. Domaszewski, Die Provincia Arabia 1–3, Strassbourg 1904–1909
BS: Bibliotheca Sacra
BTS: Bible et Terre Sainte
CAJ: Cambridge Archaeological Journal
CCSL: Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, Turnhout
Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan, 2004: Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan: Proceedings of the Symposium, Petra, July 1997 (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 5; eds. H. -D. Bienert et al.), Berlin 2004
Ceramics and Change, 2000: Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant (Levantine Archaeology 2; eds. G. Philip & D. Baird), Sheffield 2000
Chron.: J. Malalas, Chronicon (ed. L. Dindorf)
CIG: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (ed. A. Boeck), Berlin 1828–1877
CIJ: Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum 1–2 (ed. J. -B. Frey), Rome 1936–1952 (see also Frey, Corpus 2)
Clermont-Ganneau, ARP: C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1–2, London 1896–1899
Clermont-Ganneau, RAO: C. Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d’Archéologie Orientale 1–8, Paris 1888 ss.
CNI: Christian News from Israel
CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections: S. L. Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections: The Relationship of Middle Bronze Age IIA Canaan to Middle Kingdom Egypt (Harvard Semitic Museum Publications; Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant 3), Winona Lake, IN 2002
Conder, SEP: C. R. Conder, The Survey of Eastern Palestine, Memoirs 1, London 1889
Conder-Kitchener, SWP: C. R. Conder & H. H. Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, Memoirs 1–3, London 1881–1883
Corpus, 1 (O. Keel), 1997: O. Keel, Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina-Israel von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit: Katalog 1 (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archäologica 13), Göttingen 1997
CRAIBL: Comptes-rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Crowfoot, Early Churches: J. W. Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine, London 1941
Cura Aquarum in Israel, 2002: Cura Aquarum in Israel: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Israel, 7–12 May 2001 (Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft 1; eds. C. Ohlig et al.), Siegburg 2002
DACL: Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et de Liturgie, Paris
DAI: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
Daviau, Houses: P. M. M. Daviau, Houses and Their Furnishings in Bronze Age Palestine: Domestic Activity Areas and Artefact Distribution in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (JSOT-ASOR Monograph Series 8), Sheffield 1993
DOP: Dumbarton Oaks Papers
Egypt and the Levant, 2002: Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium BCE (New Approaches in Anthropological Archaeology; eds. E. C. M. Van den Brink & T. E. Levy), London 2002
EI: Eretz-Israel
Elayi & Sayegh, Port: J. Elayi & H. Sayegh, Un Quartier du Port Phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III/Perse 1–2 (Transeuphratene Suppl. 6–7), Paris 1998–2000
Epiph., Haer.: Epiphanius Constantiniensis Episcopus, Panarion Seu Adversus LXXX Haereses (ed. K. Holl), Leipzig 1915–1931 (GCS 25, 31, 37; also in PG 41–42)
Eretz Zafon, 2002: Eretz Zafon: Studies in Galilean Archaeology (IAA Publications; ed. Z. Gal), Jerusalem 2002
ESI: Excavations and Surveys in Israel
Eus., Onom.: Eusebius, Das Onomastikon der biblischen Ortsnamen (ed. E. Klostermann), Leipzig 1904
Fest.: Festschrift (in honor of…)
The First Jewish Revolt, 2002: The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology (eds. A. M. Berlin & J. A. Overman), London 2002
Fischer, Marble Studies: M. L. Fischer, Marble Studies: Roman Palestine and the Marble Trade (Xenia 40), Konstanz 1998
Foucault-Forest, L’Habitat: C. Foucault-Forest, L’Habitat privé en Palestine au Bronze Moyen et au Bronze Récent (BAR/IS 625), Oxford 1996
Frey, Corpus 2: J. -B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum, Rome 1952
From Dura to Sepphoris, 2000: From Dura to Sepphoris: Studies in Jewish Art and Society in Late Antiquity (JRA Suppl. Series 40; eds. L. I. Levine & Z. Weiss), Portsmouth, RI 2000
From Nomadism to Monarchy, 1994: From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel (eds. I. Finkelstein & N. Na’aman), Jerusalem 1994
Galilee Through the Centuries, 1999: Galilee Through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (International Conference on Galilee in Antiquity 2; Duke Judaic Studies Series 1; ed. E. M. Meyers), Winona Lake, IN 1999
GCS: Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der Ersten Jahrhunderte, Leipzig
Goodenough, Jewish Symbols: E. R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period 1–12, New York 1953–1968
Goren, Y. et al., Inscribed in Clay: Y. Goren et al., Inscribed in Clay: Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts (The Emery & Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology; Tel Aviv University Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 23), Tel Aviv 2004
Guérin, Galilée: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Galilée 1–2, Paris 1868–1880
Guérin, Judée: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Judée 1–3, Paris 1868–1869
Guérin, Samarie: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Samarie 1–2, Paris 1874
Ha-ESI: see ESI
Harbour Archaeology, 1985: Harbour Archaeology—Proceedings, 1st International Workshop on Ancient Mediterranean Harbours, Caesarea Maritima 24–28.6.83 (BAR/IS 257, ed. A. Raban), Oxford 1985
HE: (various authors) Historia Ecclesiastica
Hill, BMC: G. F. Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Palestine, London 1914
HUCA: Hebrew Union College Annual
HUCMS: Haifa University Center for Maritime Studies
HURIMS: see R.I.M.S. News, Report
Hüttenmeister–Reeg, Antiken Synagogen: F. Hüttenmeister & G. Reeg, Die Antiken Synagogen 1–2, Wiesbaden 1977
IAA: Israel Antiquities Authority
IAMS: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, University College London
ICAANE, 1, 2000: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 1, Rome, May 1998 (eds. P. Matthiae et al.), Roma 2000
ICAANE, 3, 2002: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 3, Paris, May 2002 (eds. J. -C. Margueron et al.), Winona Lake, IN (forthcoming)
IEJ: Israel Exploration Journal
IG Rom.: Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes 1–4 (ed. R. Cagnat), Paris 1911–1927
IGLS: Inscriptiones Grécques et Latines de la Syries (eds. L. Jalabert & R. Mouder), Paris 1927–
IJNA: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration
ILN: The Illustrated London News
In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes, 2002: In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes (R. Gophna Fest.; eds. E. C. M. Van den Brink & E. Yannai), Tel Aviv 2002
INJ: Israel Numismatic Journal
Itin. Burdig.: Itinerarium Burdigalense
JANES: The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University
JAOS: Journal of the American Oriental Society
Jaruzelska, Amos: I. Jaruzelska, Amos and the Officialdom in the Kingdom of Israel: The Socio-Economic Position of the Officials in the Light of the Biblical, Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence (Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Seria Sociologia 25), Poznan 1998
JAS: Journal of Archaeological Science
JBL: Journal of Biblical Literature
JCS: Journal of Cuneiform Studies
JEA: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology, 1998: Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology (Ägypten und Altes Testament 40; ed. I. Shirun-Grumach), Wiesbaden 1998
JFA: Journal of Field Archaeology
JHE: Journal of Human Evolution
JMA: Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
JNES: Journal of Near Eastern Studies
Josephus, Antiq.: Josephus Flavius, Antiquities
Josephus, War: Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War
JPOS: Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society
JQR: Jewish Quarterly Review
JRA: Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRAI: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
JRAS: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
JRS: Journal of Roman Studies
JSOT: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
JSRS: Judea and Samaria Research Studies (Proceedings of the Annual Conferences; eds. Z. H. Erlich et al.), Kedumim-Ariel
Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence, 1996: Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philogisch-Historische Klasse 3/215; eds. K. Fittschen & G. Foerster), Göttingen 1996
Judaism in Late Antiquity III/4, 2001: Judaism in Late Antiquity, III: Where We Stand: Issue and Debates in Ancient Judaism 4 (Handbook of Oriental Studies 1: The Near and Middle East 55; eds. A. J. Avery-Peck & J. Neusner), Leiden 2001
Kein Land für sich allein, 2002: Kein Land für sich allein: Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebinari (M. Weippert Fest.; Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 186; eds. U. Hübner & E. A. Knauf), Fribourg 2002
Khouri, Antiquities: R. C. Khouri, The Antiquities of the Jordan Rift Valley, ‘Amman 1988
King-Stager, 2001: P. J. King & L. Stager, Life in Biblical Israel (Library of Ancient Israel), Lousville, KY 2001
Klein, Corpus: S. Klein, Jüdisch-palästinisches Corpus Inscriptionum, Vienna 1920
Kohl-Watzinger, Synagogen: H. Kohl & C. Watzinger, Antike Synagogen in Galilaea, Leipzig 1916
LA: Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus
Leaving No Stones Unturned, 2002: Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East (D. P. Hansen Fest.; ed. E. Ehrenberg), Winona Lake, IN 2002
Leben am See Gennesaret, 2003: Leben am See Gennesaret: Kulturgeschichtliche Entdeckungen in einer biblischen Region (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie; Antike Welt Sonderbände; eds. G. Fassbeck et al.), Mainz am Rhein 2003
Lidzbarski, Ephemeris: M. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik 1–3, Giessen 1902–1915
MDAI: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
MdB: Le Monde de la Bible
MDOG: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientalischen Gesellschaft
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, 1998: Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: 13th to Early 10th Centuries BCE (T. Dothan Fest.; eds. S. Gitin et al.), Jerusalem 1998
The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant, 2002: The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24–26.1.2001 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 26; Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 3; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2002
Mitekufat Ha’even: Mitekufat Ha’even: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society
Musil, Arabia Petraea: A. Musil, Arabia Petraea 1–3, Vienna 1907–1908
MUSJ: Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth
Naveh: J. Naveh, On Stone and Mosaic: The Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from Ancient Synagogues, Tel Aviv 1978 (Hebrew; quoted by inscription no.)
NEA: Near Eastern Archaeology
NEAS Bulletin: The Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin
NEAT: Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck (ed. J. A. Sanders), Garden City, NY 1970
Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, 1994: Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries (Free University of Berlin, 29.3.–2.4.1993) (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1; eds. H. G. Gebel & S. K. Kozlowski), Berlin 1994
Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, 1996: Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent and Their Contemporaries: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries (Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University, 3–7.4.1995) (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 3; eds. S. K. Kozlowski & H. G. Gebel), Berlin 1996
The Nile Delta in Transition, 1992: The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th–3rd Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the Seminar, Cairo, 21–24.10.1990 (ed. E. C. M. Van den Brink), Tel Aviv 1992
OEANE, 1–5, 1997: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (ed. E. M. Meyers), 1–5, New York 1997
OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Olive Oil in Antiquity, 1996: Olive Oil in Antiquity: Israel and Neighbouring Countries from the Neolithic to the Early Arab Period (eds. D. Eitam & M. Heltzer), Padova 1996
OLZ: Orientalische Literaturzeitung
One Land—Many Cultures, 2003: One Land—Many Cultures: Archaeological Studies (S. Loffreda Fest.; SBF Collectio Maior 41; eds. G. C. Bottini et al.), Jerusalem 2003
Ovadiah, Art and Archaeology in Israel and Neighbouring Countries: A. Ovadiah, Art and Archaeology in Israel and Neighbouring Countries: Antiquity and Late Antiquity, London 2002
P Edgar, P Cairo, P Nessana, P Zen.: Various collections of papyri
Pastoralism in the Levant, 1992: Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspective (Monographs in World Archaeology 10; eds. O. Bar-Yosef & A. M. Khazanov), Madison WI 1992
PEFA: Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund
PEQ: Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Perrot–Ladiray, Tombes et Ossuaires: J. Perrot & D. Ladiray, Tombes et Ossuaires de la region côtière Palestinienne au IVème millénaire avant l’ère Chrétienne (Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherches Préhistoriques Française de Jérusalem 1), Paris 1980
PG: Patrologia Graeca (ed. Migne), Paris
PJB: Palästina Jahrbuch
PL: Patrologia Latina (ed. Migne), Paris
Pliny, NH: Pliny, Naturalis Historia
PMB: Palestine Museum Bulletin
PPTS: The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London 1897 (quoted by text. no.)
The Prehistory of Jordan II, 1997: The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997 (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 4; eds. H. G. K. Gebel et al.), Berlin 1997
Ptol., Geog.: Claudii Ptolomei Geographia (ed. C. S. A. Nobbe), Hildesheim 1966
QDAP: Quarterly for the Department of Antiquities in Palestine
R.I.M.S. News, Report: University of Haifa, Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies News, Report
RAr: Revue Archéologique
RAs: Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale
RB: Revue Biblique
RDAC: Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
Recherches Archéologiques en Israël: Recherches Archéologiques en Israël. Publications jubilaire des Amis Belges de l’Université Hébraïque de Jérusalem à l’Occasion de vingt-cinquième ans de l’Institut d’Archéologie. Reine Élisabeth de Belgique, Leuven 1984
Reeg, Ortsnamen: G. Reeg, Die Ortsnamen Israels nach der Rabbinischen Literatur, Wiesbaden 1989
Retrieving the Past, 1996: Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology (G. W. Van Beek Fest.; ed. J. D. Seger), Winona Lake, IN 1996
RHR: Revue de l’Histoire des Religions
Robinson, Biblical Researches: E. Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine 1–3, London 1841
The Roman and Byzantine Near East, 1–3: The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (JRA Suppl. Series 14, 31, 49; ed. J. H. Humphrey), 1–3, Portsmouth, RI 1995, 1999, 2002
Saller–Bagatti, Town of Nebo: S. J. Saller & B. Bagatti, The Town of Nebo, Jerusalem 1949
Salvage Excavation Reports: Tel Aviv University Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Salvage Excavation Reports
Saxa Loquentur, 2003: Saxa Loquentur: Studien zur Archäologie Palästinas/Israels (V. Fritz Fest.; Alter Orient und Altes Testament 302; eds. C. G. Den Hertog et al.), Münster 2003
SBF: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
Schürer, GJV 2: E. Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi 2, Leipzig 1907
Schürer, HJP: E. Schürer, A History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ 1–3 (new rev. ed.), Edinburgh 1973–1986
SCI: Scripta Classica Israelica
Scripture and Other Artifacts, 1994: Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology (P. J. King Fest.; eds. M. D. Coogan et al.), Louisville, KY 1994
The Sea Peoples and Their World, 2000: The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (University Museum Monographs 108; ed. E. D. Oren), Philadelphia 2000
SEG: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (quoted by volume and inscription no.)
SHAJ: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
SIMA: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology
SIMAL: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature
Society and Economy: Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean, c. 1500–1000 B.C. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 23; eds. M. Heltzer & E. Lipinski), Leuven 1988
Stern, GLA: M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism 1–3, Jerusalem 1974–1984 (quoted by text no.)
Stern, Material Culture: E. Stern, Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period 538–332 B.C., Warminster 1982
Strabo: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones), London 1949–1969
Studies in Historical Geography, 2000: Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography (Z. Kallai Fest.; VT Suppl. 81; eds. G. Galil & M. Weinfeld), Leiden 2000
Studies in the Archaeology and History of Ancient Israel, 1993: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Ancient Israel (M. Dothan Fest.; eds. M. Heltzer et al.), Haifa 1993
Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands, 2001: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands (D. L. Esse Fest.; Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 59; ASOR Books 5; ed. S. R. Wolff), Chicago, IL 2001
Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, 2001: Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan (JSOT Suppl. Series 331; ed. A. Mazar), Sheffield 2001
Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues: E. L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece, London 1934
Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past, 2003: Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina. Proceedings of the Albright–ASOR Centennial Symposium, Jerusalem, 29–31.5.2000 (eds. W. G. Dever & S. Gitin), Winona Lake, IN 2003
Synchronisation, 2000: The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd Millennium B.C: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Haindorf, 15–17.11.1996 & Vienna, 11–12.5.1998 (Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 1; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 19; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2000
Synchronisation, 2003: Ibid., 2000 EuroConference, Haindorf, 2–7.5.2001 (CChEM 4; OAWDG 29; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2003
Synchronisation, 2004: Ibid., 2000 2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28.5–1.6.2003 (CChEM 9; eds. M. Bietak & E. Czerny), Wien 2004
TA: Tel Aviv
Text and Artifact, 2000: Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity (P. Richardson Fest.; Studies in Christianity and Judaism 9; eds. S. G. Wilson & M. Desjardins), Waterloo 2000
TLZ: Theologische Literaturzeitung
UF: Ugarit-Forschungen
Umm el-Qaab 2, 2001: Umm el-Qaab 2: Importkeramik aus dem Friedhof U in Abydos (Umm el-Qaab) und die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (DAI Abteiling Kairo, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 92), Mainz am Rhein 2001
Vincent–Abel, Jérusalem Nouvelle: L. H. Vincent & F. M. Abel, Jérusalem Nouvelle 1–4, Paris 1912–1926
Vincent–Stève, Jérusalem: L. H. Vincent & A. M. Stève, Jérusalem de l’Ancien Testament 1–4, Paris 1954–1956
VT: Vetus Testamentum
VT Suppl. 66, 1997: Congress Volume, Cambridge 1995 (VT Suppl. 66; ed. J. A. Emerton), Leiden 1997
VT Suppl. 80, 2000: Congress Volume, Oslo 1998 (VT Suppl. 80; eds. A. Lemaire & M. Saebo), Leiden 2000
Waddington: W. H. Waddington & P. Le Bas, Voyage Archéologiques en Grèce et Asie Mineure: Inscriptions et Applications 3, Paris 1870
Warren–Conder, SWP—Jerusalem: C. Warren & C. R. Conder, The Survey of Western Palestine—Jerusalem, London 1884
Watzinger, DP: K. Watzinger, Denkmäler Palästinas 1–2, Leipzig 1933–1935
Weippert 1988: H. Weippert, Palästina in Vorhellenistischer Zeit (Handbuch der Archäologie-Vorderasien 2/1), Munich 1988
What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem, 2002: What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem: Essays on Classical, Jewish, and Early Christian Art and Archaeology (G. Foerster Fest.; Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 1; ed. L. V. Rutgers), Leuven 2002
The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Age Cyprus, 2001: The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Age Cyprus: Proceedings of an International Conference, Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 29–30.10.1998 (M. Wiener Fest.; Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 2; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 20; ed. V. Karageorghis), Wien 2001
Woolley–Lawrence, PEFA 3: C. L. Woolley & T. E. Lawrence, The Wilderness of Zin (PEFA 3), London 1915
ZA: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
ZAW: Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentiliche Wissenschaft
ZDMG: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
ZDPV: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
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