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Home > Books > The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land

Abbreviations

a. acre

ah anno Hegirae, in the year of Hegira

Am. Amos

‘Arakh. ‘Arakhin

Avot Pirkei Avot

A.Z. ‘Avodah Zarah

b. born

B.B. Bava Batra

BCE before the common era

Beits. Beitsah

Bekh. Bekhorot

Ber. Berakhot

Bik. Bikkurim

B.M. Bava Metsi‘a

bp before the present

B.Q. Bava Qamma

B.T. Babylonian Talmud

c. circa, about, approximately

cat. Catalogue

CE of the common era

cent. Century

cf. confer, compare

1 Chr. 1 Chronicles

2 Chr. 2 Chronicles

cm centimeter

Col. Colossians

comp. compiler (pl., comps.)

1 Cor. 1 Corinthians

2 Cor. 2 Corinthians

cu cubic

d. died

Dan. Daniel

Dem. Dem’ai

diss. dissertation

div. division

dm decimeter

Dt. Deuteronomy

EB Early Bronze

Eccles. Ecclesiastes

ed. editor; edition; edited by

‘Eduy. ‘Eduyyot

e.g. exempli gratia, for example

Eph. Ephesians

‘Eruv. ‘Eruvin

ESR Electro Spin Resonance

et al. et alii, and others

Ex. Exodus

Ezek. Ezekiel

f. and following (pl., ff.)

fig. figure

g gram

Gal. Galatians

Gen. Genesis

Git. Gittin

Hab. Habakkuk

Ḥag. Ḥagigah

Ḥal. Ḥallah

Heb. Hebrews

Hg. Haggai

Hor. Horayot

Hos. Hosea

Ḥul. Ḥullin

ibid. ibidem, in the same place

id. idem, the same

in. inch

Iron Iron Age

Is. Isaiah

Jas. James

Jer. Jeremiah

Jg. Judges

Jn. John

Jon. Jonah

Jos. Joshua

J.T. Jerusalem Talmud

Kel. Kelim

Ker. Keritot

Ket. Ketubbot

kg kilogram

1 Kg. 1 Kings

2 Kg. 2 Kings

Kil. Kil’ayim

km kilometer

l. locus

Lam. Lamentations

LB Late Bronze

lb. pound

Lev. Leviticus

Lk. Luke

loc. cit. the place cited

m meter

Mal. Malachi

1 Macc. 1 Maccabees

2 Macc. 2 Maccabees

Mak. Makkot

Makh. Makhshirin

MB Middle Bronze

Meg. Megillah

Me‘il. Me‘ilah

Men. Menaḥot

mi. mile

Mi. Micah

Mid. Middot

mill. millennium

Miq. Miqva’ot

Mk. Mark

ml milliliter

mm millimeter

Mo‘ed Q. Mo‘ed Qatan

Mt. Matthew

MT Masoretic text

n. note

Nah. Nahum

Naz. Nazir

n.d. no date

Ned. Nedarim

Neg. Nega‘im

Neh. Nehemiah

Nid. Niddah

n.p. no place

n.s. new series

Num. Numbers

Ob. Obadiah

Ohal. Ohalot

op. cit. opere citato, in the work cited

Par. Parah

PEF Palestine Exploration Fund

Pes. Pesaḥim

Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy

Phil. Philippians

Philem. Philemon

pl. plate

PPN Pre-Pottery Neolithic

PPNA Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

PPNB Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

PPNC Pre-Pottery Neolithic C

Proc. Proceedings

Prov. Proverbs

Ps. Psalms

P.T. Palestinian Talmud

pt. part

1 Pt. 1 Peter

2 Pt. 2 Peter

Qid. Qiddushin

Qin. Qinnim

q.v. quod vide, which see

r. reigned; ruled

Rab. Rabbah

rev. revised

Rev. Revelation

Rom. Romans

1 Sam. 1 Samuel

2 Sam. 2 Samuel

San. Sanhedrin

sect. section

Shab. Shabbat

Shev. Shevu‘ot

Sheq. Sheqalim

Song Song of Solomon

Sot. Sotah

sq. square

St. Saint (pl., SS.)

Suk. Sukkah

Ta‘an. Ta‘anit

Tam. Tamid

Tem. Temurah

Ter. Terumot

1 Thes. 1 Thessalonians

2 Thes. 2 Thessalonians

1 Tim. 1 Timothy

2 Tim. 2 Timothy

TL Thermoluminescence

Toh. Tohorot

tr. translator; translated by

Trans. Transactions

Univ. University

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

Zech. Zechariah

Zeph. Zephaniah

AAA: Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology

AASOR: Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

ABD, 1992: The Anchor Bible Dictionary 1–6 (ed. D. N. Freedman), New York 1992

Abel, GP: F. M. Abel, Géographie de la Palestine 1–2, Paris 1933–1938

ACOR: The First 25 Years, 1993: ACOR: The First 25 Years: The American Center of Oriental Research, 1968–1993 (American Center of Oriental Research Occasional Papers 1), Amman 1993

ADAJ: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan

AE: L’Année Épigraphique (quoted by year and inscription no.)

AfO: Archiv für Orientforschung

Aharoni, LB: Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography, London 1966, 1967 (2nd. ed.)

AJA: American Journal of Archaeology

AJSLL: American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature

Akkadica Supplementum 7–8 (1989): Archaeology of Jordan 2/1–12, Field Reports, Surveys and Sites (Akkadica Supplementum 7–8, eds. D. Homes-Fredericq & J. B. Hennessy), Leuven 1989

‘Alon: Bulletin of the Israel Department of Antiquities (Hebrew)

Alt, GIPT: A. Alt, Die Griechischen Inschriften der Palästina Tertia Westlich der Araba, Berlin and Leipzip 1921 (quoted by inscription no.)

Alt, KSch.: A. Alt, Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel 1–3, Munich 1953–1959

American Archaeology in the Mideast: American Archaeology in the Mideast: A History of the ASOR (ed. P. T. King), Philadelphia 1983

Ancient Synagogues, 1995: Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery (Studia Post-Biblical 47; eds. D. Urman & P. V. M. Flesher), Leiden 1995

ANET: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (ed. J. B. Pritchard), Princeton 1950

APEF: see PEFA

The Aqueducts of Israel, 2002: The Aqueducts of Israel (JRA Suppl. Series 46; eds. D. Amit et al.), Portsmouth RI 2002

The Archaeology of Death, 1995: The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East (Oxbow Monographs in Archaeology 51; eds. S. Campbell & A. J. Green), Oxford 1995

Archaeology, History and Culture in Palestine and the Near East, 1999: Archaeology, History and Culture in Palestine and the Near East (A. E. Glock Fest.; ASOR Books 3; ed. T. Kapitan), Atlanta, GA 1999

The Archaeology of Israel, 1997: The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present (JSOT Suppl. Series 237; eds. N. A. Silberman & D. Small), Sheffield 1997

The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond, 2000: The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond (J. A. Sauer Fest.; Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant, Harvard Semitic Museum Publications 1; eds. L. E. Stager et al.), Winona Lake, IN 2000

The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, 1995: The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (New Approaches in Anthropological Archaeology; ed. T. E. Levy), London 1995

Archaeometry Date List 31 (2000), 2002: Radiocarbon Dates from the Oxford AMS System: Archaeometry Date List 31 (Archaeometry 44/3, Suppl. 1), Oxford 2002

The Architecture of Ancient Israel, 1992: The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods (I. Dunayevsky Fest.; eds. A. Kempinski & R. Reich), Jerusalem 1992

ASOR: American Schools of Oriental Research

ASOR Symposia: Symposia Celebrating the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1900–1975) (ed. F. M. Cross, Jr.), Cambridge, MA 1979

ASR: Ancient Synagogues Revealed (ed. L. I. Levine), Jerusalem 1981

‘Atiqot: Journal of the Israel Antiquities Authority

AUSS: Andrews University Seminary Studies

Avi-Yonah, HL: M. Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land, Grand Rapids 1966

AWA: Advances in World Archaeology

BA: Biblical Archaeologist

BAIAS: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society

Baldi: D. Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum Sanctorum, Jerusalem 1935 (quoted by text no.)

BAR: Biblical Archaeology Review

BAR/IS: British Archaeological Reports/International Series, Oxford

BASOR: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BAT II, 1993: Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June–July 1990, Jerusalem 1993

BBSAJ: Bulletin of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem

Beck, Imagery and Representation: P. Beck, Imagery and Representation: Studies in the Art and Iconography of Ancient Palestine—Collected Articles (TA Occasional Publications 3; eds. N. Na’aman et al.), Tel Aviv 2002

Benoit et al., Discoveries 2: P. Benoit, J. T. Milik, & R. de Vaux, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2 (Les Grottes de Murabba‘at), Oxford 1961

Beyond Tools, 2001: Beyond Tools: Redefining the PPN Lithic Assemblages of the Levant, 3rd Workshop on PPN Lithic Industries (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 9; eds. I. Caneva et al.), Berlin 2001

BH: Buried History

BIAL: Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London

BIES: Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (Hebrew)

BJPES: Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society

Bliss-Macalister, Excavations: F. J. Bliss & R. A. S. Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898–1900, London 1902

BMB: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth

BN: Biblische Notizen

BR: Bible Review

Brünnow–Domaszewski, Die Provincia Arabia: R. E. Brünnow & A. V. Domaszewski, Die Provincia Arabia 1–3, Strassbourg 1904–1909

BS: Bibliotheca Sacra

BTS: Bible et Terre Sainte

CAJ: Cambridge Archaeological Journal

CCSL: Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, Turnhout

Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan, 2004: Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan: Proceedings of the Symposium, Petra, July 1997 (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 5; eds. H. -D. Bienert et al.), Berlin 2004

Ceramics and Change, 2000: Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant (Levantine Archaeology 2; eds. G. Philip & D. Baird), Sheffield 2000

Chron.: J. Malalas, Chronicon (ed. L. Dindorf)

CIG: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (ed. A. Boeck), Berlin 1828–1877

CIJ: Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum 1–2 (ed. J. -B. Frey), Rome 1936–1952 (see also Frey, Corpus 2)

Clermont-Ganneau, ARP: C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1–2, London 1896–1899

Clermont-Ganneau, RAO: C. Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d’Archéologie Orientale 1–8, Paris 1888 ss.

CNI: Christian News from Israel

CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections: S. L. Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections: The Relationship of Middle Bronze Age IIA Canaan to Middle Kingdom Egypt (Harvard Semitic Museum Publications; Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant 3), Winona Lake, IN 2002

Conder, SEP: C. R. Conder, The Survey of Eastern Palestine, Memoirs 1, London 1889

Conder-Kitchener, SWP: C. R. Conder & H. H. Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, Memoirs 1–3, London 1881–1883

Corpus, 1 (O. Keel), 1997: O. Keel, Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina-Israel von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit: Katalog 1 (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archäologica 13), Göttingen 1997

CRAIBL: Comptes-rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

Crowfoot, Early Churches: J. W. Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine, London 1941

Cura Aquarum in Israel, 2002: Cura Aquarum in Israel: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Israel, 7–12 May 2001 (Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft 1; eds. C. Ohlig et al.), Siegburg 2002

DACL: Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et de Liturgie, Paris

DAI: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut

Daviau, Houses: P. M. M. Daviau, Houses and Their Furnishings in Bronze Age Palestine: Domestic Activity Areas and Artefact Distribution in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (JSOT-ASOR Monograph Series 8), Sheffield 1993

DOP: Dumbarton Oaks Papers

Egypt and the Levant, 2002: Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium BCE (New Approaches in Anthropological Archaeology; eds. E. C. M. Van den Brink & T. E. Levy), London 2002

EI: Eretz-Israel

Elayi & Sayegh, Port: J. Elayi & H. Sayegh, Un Quartier du Port Phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III/Perse 1–2 (Transeuphratene Suppl. 6–7), Paris 1998–2000

Epiph., Haer.: Epiphanius Constantiniensis Episcopus, Panarion Seu Adversus LXXX Haereses (ed. K. Holl), Leipzig 1915–1931 (GCS 25, 31, 37; also in PG 41–42)

Eretz Zafon, 2002: Eretz Zafon: Studies in Galilean Archaeology (IAA Publications; ed. Z. Gal), Jerusalem 2002

ESI: Excavations and Surveys in Israel

Eus., Onom.: Eusebius, Das Onomastikon der biblischen Ortsnamen (ed. E. Klostermann), Leipzig 1904

Fest.: Festschrift (in honor of…)

The First Jewish Revolt, 2002: The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology (eds. A. M. Berlin & J. A. Overman), London 2002

Fischer, Marble Studies: M. L. Fischer, Marble Studies: Roman Palestine and the Marble Trade (Xenia 40), Konstanz 1998

Foucault-Forest, L’Habitat: C. Foucault-Forest, L’Habitat privé en Palestine au Bronze Moyen et au Bronze Récent (BAR/IS 625), Oxford 1996

Frey, Corpus 2: J. -B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum, Rome 1952

From Dura to Sepphoris, 2000: From Dura to Sepphoris: Studies in Jewish Art and Society in Late Antiquity (JRA Suppl. Series 40; eds. L. I. Levine & Z. Weiss), Portsmouth, RI 2000

From Nomadism to Monarchy, 1994: From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel (eds. I. Finkelstein & N. Na’aman), Jerusalem 1994

Galilee Through the Centuries, 1999: Galilee Through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (International Conference on Galilee in Antiquity 2; Duke Judaic Studies Series 1; ed. E. M. Meyers), Winona Lake, IN 1999

GCS: Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der Ersten Jahrhunderte, Leipzig

Goodenough, Jewish Symbols: E. R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period 1–12, New York 1953–1968

Goren, Y. et al., Inscribed in Clay: Y. Goren et al., Inscribed in Clay: Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts (The Emery & Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology; Tel Aviv University Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 23), Tel Aviv 2004

Guérin, Galilée: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Galilée 1–2, Paris 1868–1880

Guérin, Judée: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Judée 1–3, Paris 1868–1869

Guérin, Samarie: V. Guérin, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, Samarie 1–2, Paris 1874

Ha-ESI: see ESI

Harbour Archaeology, 1985: Harbour Archaeology—Proceedings, 1st International Workshop on Ancient Mediterranean Harbours, Caesarea Maritima 24–28.6.83 (BAR/IS 257, ed. A. Raban), Oxford 1985

HE: (various authors) Historia Ecclesiastica

Hill, BMC: G. F. Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Palestine, London 1914

HUCA: Hebrew Union College Annual

HUCMS: Haifa University Center for Maritime Studies

HURIMS: see R.I.M.S. News, Report

Hüttenmeister–Reeg, Antiken Synagogen: F. Hüttenmeister & G. Reeg, Die Antiken Synagogen 1–2, Wiesbaden 1977

IAA: Israel Antiquities Authority

IAMS: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, University College London

ICAANE, 1, 2000: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 1, Rome, May 1998 (eds. P. Matthiae et al.), Roma 2000

ICAANE, 3, 2002: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 3, Paris, May 2002 (eds. J. -C. Margueron et al.), Winona Lake, IN (forthcoming)

IEJ: Israel Exploration Journal

IG Rom.: Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes 1–4 (ed. R. Cagnat), Paris 1911–1927

IGLS: Inscriptiones Grécques et Latines de la Syries (eds. L. Jalabert & R. Mouder), Paris 1927–

IJNA: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration

ILN: The Illustrated London News

In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes, 2002: In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes (R. Gophna Fest.; eds. E. C. M. Van den Brink & E. Yannai), Tel Aviv 2002

INJ: Israel Numismatic Journal

Itin. Burdig.: Itinerarium Burdigalense

JANES: The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University

JAOS: Journal of the American Oriental Society

Jaruzelska, Amos: I. Jaruzelska, Amos and the Officialdom in the Kingdom of Israel: The Socio-Economic Position of the Officials in the Light of the Biblical, Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence (Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Seria Sociologia 25), Poznan 1998

JAS: Journal of Archaeological Science

JBL: Journal of Biblical Literature

JCS: Journal of Cuneiform Studies

JEA: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology, 1998: Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology (Ägypten und Altes Testament 40; ed. I. Shirun-Grumach), Wiesbaden 1998

JFA: Journal of Field Archaeology

JHE: Journal of Human Evolution

JMA: Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology

JNES: Journal of Near Eastern Studies

Josephus, Antiq.: Josephus Flavius, Antiquities

Josephus, War: Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War

JPOS: Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society

JQR: Jewish Quarterly Review

JRA: Journal of Roman Archaeology

JRAI: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

JRAS: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

JRS: Journal of Roman Studies

JSOT: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSRS: Judea and Samaria Research Studies (Proceedings of the Annual Conferences; eds. Z. H. Erlich et al.), Kedumim-Ariel

Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence, 1996: Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philogisch-Historische Klasse 3/215; eds. K. Fittschen & G. Foerster), Göttingen 1996

Judaism in Late Antiquity III/4, 2001: Judaism in Late Antiquity, III: Where We Stand: Issue and Debates in Ancient Judaism 4 (Handbook of Oriental Studies 1: The Near and Middle East 55; eds. A. J. Avery-Peck & J. Neusner), Leiden 2001

Kein Land für sich allein, 2002: Kein Land für sich allein: Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebinari (M. Weippert Fest.; Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 186; eds. U. Hübner & E. A. Knauf), Fribourg 2002

Khouri, Antiquities: R. C. Khouri, The Antiquities of the Jordan Rift Valley, ‘Amman 1988

King-Stager, 2001: P. J. King & L. Stager, Life in Biblical Israel (Library of Ancient Israel), Lousville, KY 2001

Klein, Corpus: S. Klein, Jüdisch-palästinisches Corpus Inscriptionum, Vienna 1920

Kohl-Watzinger, Synagogen: H. Kohl & C. Watzinger, Antike Synagogen in Galilaea, Leipzig 1916

LA: Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus

Leaving No Stones Unturned, 2002: Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East (D. P. Hansen Fest.; ed. E. Ehrenberg), Winona Lake, IN 2002

Leben am See Gennesaret, 2003: Leben am See Gennesaret: Kulturgeschichtliche Entdeckungen in einer biblischen Region (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie; Antike Welt Sonderbände; eds. G. Fassbeck et al.), Mainz am Rhein 2003

Lidzbarski, Ephemeris: M. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik 1–3, Giessen 1902–1915

MDAI: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

MdB: Le Monde de la Bible

MDOG: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientalischen Gesellschaft

Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, 1998: Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: 13th to Early 10th Centuries BCE (T. Dothan Fest.; eds. S. Gitin et al.), Jerusalem 1998

The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant, 2002: The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24–26.1.2001 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 26; Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 3; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2002

Mitekufat Ha’even: Mitekufat Ha’even: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society

Musil, Arabia Petraea: A. Musil, Arabia Petraea 1–3, Vienna 1907–1908

MUSJ: Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth

Naveh: J. Naveh, On Stone and Mosaic: The Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from Ancient Synagogues, Tel Aviv 1978 (Hebrew; quoted by inscription no.)

NEA: Near Eastern Archaeology

NEAS Bulletin: The Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin

NEAT: Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck (ed. J. A. Sanders), Garden City, NY 1970

Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, 1994: Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries (Free University of Berlin, 29.3.–2.4.1993) (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1; eds. H. G. Gebel & S. K. Kozlowski), Berlin 1994

Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, 1996: Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent and Their Contemporaries: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries (Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University, 3–7.4.1995) (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 3; eds. S. K. Kozlowski & H. G. Gebel), Berlin 1996

The Nile Delta in Transition, 1992: The Nile Delta in Transition: 4th–3rd Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the Seminar, Cairo, 21–24.10.1990 (ed. E. C. M. Van den Brink), Tel Aviv 1992

OEANE, 1–5, 1997: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (ed. E. M. Meyers), 1–5, New York 1997

OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology

Olive Oil in Antiquity, 1996: Olive Oil in Antiquity: Israel and Neighbouring Countries from the Neolithic to the Early Arab Period (eds. D. Eitam & M. Heltzer), Padova 1996

OLZ: Orientalische Literaturzeitung

One Land—Many Cultures, 2003: One Land—Many Cultures: Archaeological Studies (S. Loffreda Fest.; SBF Collectio Maior 41; eds. G. C. Bottini et al.), Jerusalem 2003

Ovadiah, Art and Archaeology in Israel and Neighbouring Countries: A. Ovadiah, Art and Archaeology in Israel and Neighbouring Countries: Antiquity and Late Antiquity, London 2002

P Edgar, P Cairo, P Nessana, P Zen.: Various collections of papyri

Pastoralism in the Levant, 1992: Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspective (Monographs in World Archaeology 10; eds. O. Bar-Yosef & A. M. Khazanov), Madison WI 1992

PEFA: Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund

PEQ: Palestine Exploration Quarterly

Perrot–Ladiray, Tombes et Ossuaires: J. Perrot & D. Ladiray, Tombes et Ossuaires de la region côtière Palestinienne au IVème millénaire avant l’ère Chrétienne (Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherches Préhistoriques Française de Jérusalem 1), Paris 1980

PG: Patrologia Graeca (ed. Migne), Paris

PJB: Palästina Jahrbuch

PL: Patrologia Latina (ed. Migne), Paris

Pliny, NH: Pliny, Naturalis Historia

PMB: Palestine Museum Bulletin

PPTS: The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London 1897 (quoted by text. no.)

The Prehistory of Jordan II, 1997: The Prehistory of Jordan II: Perspectives from 1997 (Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 4; eds. H. G. K. Gebel et al.), Berlin 1997

Ptol., Geog.: Claudii Ptolomei Geographia (ed. C. S. A. Nobbe), Hildesheim 1966

QDAP: Quarterly for the Department of Antiquities in Palestine

R.I.M.S. News, Report: University of Haifa, Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies News, Report

RAr: Revue Archéologique

RAs: Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale

RB: Revue Biblique

RDAC: Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus

Recherches Archéologiques en Israël: Recherches Archéologiques en Israël. Publications jubilaire des Amis Belges de l’Université Hébraïque de Jérusalem à l’Occasion de vingt-cinquième ans de l’Institut d’Archéologie. Reine Élisabeth de Belgique, Leuven 1984

Reeg, Ortsnamen: G. Reeg, Die Ortsnamen Israels nach der Rabbinischen Literatur, Wiesbaden 1989

Retrieving the Past, 1996: Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology (G. W. Van Beek Fest.; ed. J. D. Seger), Winona Lake, IN 1996

RHR: Revue de l’Histoire des Religions

Robinson, Biblical Researches: E. Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine 1–3, London 1841

The Roman and Byzantine Near East, 1–3: The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (JRA Suppl. Series 14, 31, 49; ed. J. H. Humphrey), 1–3, Portsmouth, RI 1995, 1999, 2002

Saller–Bagatti, Town of Nebo: S. J. Saller & B. Bagatti, The Town of Nebo, Jerusalem 1949

Salvage Excavation Reports: Tel Aviv University Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Salvage Excavation Reports

Saxa Loquentur, 2003: Saxa Loquentur: Studien zur Archäologie Palästinas/Israels (V. Fritz Fest.; Alter Orient und Altes Testament 302; eds. C. G. Den Hertog et al.), Münster 2003

SBF: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum

Schürer, GJV 2: E. Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi 2, Leipzig 1907

Schürer, HJP: E. Schürer, A History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ 1–3 (new rev. ed.), Edinburgh 1973–1986

SCI: Scripta Classica Israelica

Scripture and Other Artifacts, 1994: Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology (P. J. King Fest.; eds. M. D. Coogan et al.), Louisville, KY 1994

The Sea Peoples and Their World, 2000: The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (University Museum Monographs 108; ed. E. D. Oren), Philadelphia 2000

SEG: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (quoted by volume and inscription no.)

SHAJ: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan

SIMA: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology

SIMAL: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature

Society and Economy: Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean, c. 1500–1000 B.C. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 23; eds. M. Heltzer & E. Lipinski), Leuven 1988

Stern, GLA: M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism 1–3, Jerusalem 1974–1984 (quoted by text no.)

Stern, Material Culture: E. Stern, Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period 538–332 B.C., Warminster 1982

Strabo: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones), London 1949–1969

Studies in Historical Geography, 2000: Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography (Z. Kallai Fest.; VT Suppl. 81; eds. G. Galil & M. Weinfeld), Leiden 2000

Studies in the Archaeology and History of Ancient Israel, 1993: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Ancient Israel (M. Dothan Fest.; eds. M. Heltzer et al.), Haifa 1993

Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands, 2001: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands (D. L. Esse Fest.; Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 59; ASOR Books 5; ed. S. R. Wolff), Chicago, IL 2001

Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, 2001: Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan (JSOT Suppl. Series 331; ed. A. Mazar), Sheffield 2001

Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues: E. L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece, London 1934

Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past, 2003: Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina. Proceedings of the Albright–ASOR Centennial Symposium, Jerusalem, 29–31.5.2000 (eds. W. G. Dever & S. Gitin), Winona Lake, IN 2003

Synchronisation, 2000: The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd Millennium B.C: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Haindorf, 15–17.11.1996 & Vienna, 11–12.5.1998 (Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 1; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 19; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2000

Synchronisation, 2003: Ibid., 2000 EuroConference, Haindorf, 2–7.5.2001 (CChEM 4; OAWDG 29; ed. M. Bietak), Wien 2003

Synchronisation, 2004: Ibid., 2000 2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28.5–1.6.2003 (CChEM 9; eds. M. Bietak & E. Czerny), Wien 2004

TA: Tel Aviv

Text and Artifact, 2000: Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity (P. Richardson Fest.; Studies in Christianity and Judaism 9; eds. S. G. Wilson & M. Desjardins), Waterloo 2000

TLZ: Theologische Literaturzeitung

UF: Ugarit-Forschungen

Umm el-Qaab 2, 2001: Umm el-Qaab 2: Importkeramik aus dem Friedhof U in Abydos (Umm el-Qaab) und die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (DAI Abteiling Kairo, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 92), Mainz am Rhein 2001

Vincent–Abel, Jérusalem Nouvelle: L. H. Vincent & F. M. Abel, Jérusalem Nouvelle 1–4, Paris 1912–1926

Vincent–Stève, Jérusalem: L. H. Vincent & A. M. Stève, Jérusalem de l’Ancien Testament 1–4, Paris 1954–1956

VT: Vetus Testamentum

VT Suppl. 66, 1997: Congress Volume, Cambridge 1995 (VT Suppl. 66; ed. J. A. Emerton), Leiden 1997

VT Suppl. 80, 2000: Congress Volume, Oslo 1998 (VT Suppl. 80; eds. A. Lemaire & M. Saebo), Leiden 2000

Waddington: W. H. Waddington & P. Le Bas, Voyage Archéologiques en Grèce et Asie Mineure: Inscriptions et Applications 3, Paris 1870

Warren–Conder, SWP—Jerusalem: C. Warren & C. R. Conder, The Survey of Western Palestine—Jerusalem, London 1884

Watzinger, DP: K. Watzinger, Denkmäler Palästinas 1–2, Leipzig 1933–1935

Weippert 1988: H. Weippert, Palästina in Vorhellenistischer Zeit (Handbuch der Archäologie-Vorderasien 2/1), Munich 1988

What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem, 2002: What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem: Essays on Classical, Jewish, and Early Christian Art and Archaeology (G. Foerster Fest.; Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 1; ed. L. V. Rutgers), Leuven 2002

The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Age Cyprus, 2001: The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Age Cyprus: Proceedings of an International Conference, Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 29–30.10.1998 (M. Wiener Fest.; Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 2; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 20; ed. V. Karageorghis), Wien 2001

Woolley–Lawrence, PEFA 3: C. L. Woolley & T. E. Lawrence, The Wilderness of Zin (PEFA 3), London 1915

ZA: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

ZAW: Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentiliche Wissenschaft

ZDMG: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

ZDPV: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

a. acre

ah anno Hegirae, in the year of Hegira

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