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THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS

Period	Culture	Approximate Dates
Lower Paleolithic	Early Acheulean Late Acheulean Acheulo-Yabrudian	1,500,000–780,000 bp 780,000–400/350,000 bp 400/350,000–250,000 bp
Middle Paleolithic	Early Mousterian (Tabun D) Middle Mousterian (Tabun C) Late Mousterian (Tabun B)	250,000–110,000 bp 110,000–85/80,000 bp 85/80,000–50/47,000 bp
Upper Paleolithic	Emireh Tradition Early Ahmarian Aurignacian Late Ahmarian Atlitian Masraqan	50/47,000–22,000 bp
Epipaleolithic	Kebaran Geometric Kebaran Early Mushabian Late Mushabian=Ramonian Early Natufian Late Natufian	22,000 bp–9,500 BCE
Neolithic	Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Pottery Neolithic (Yarmukian, Jericho IX)	9,500–6,400 BCE
Chalcolithic	Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) Middle Chalcolithic (Beth-Shean XVIII, Qatifian) Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian)	6,400–3,600 BCE

THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS

Bronze Age (Canaanite Period)
Early Bronze Age	I	3600–3000 BCE
Early Bronze Age	II	3000–2750
Early Bronze Age	III	2750–2400/2300
Middle Bronze Age	I (EB IV–Intermediate Bronze)	2400/2300–2000
Middle Bronze Age	IIA	2000–1750
Middle Bronze Age	IIB	1750–1550
Late Bronze Age	I	1550–1400
Late Bronze Age	IIA	1400–1300
Late Bronze Age	IIB	1300–1200
Iron Age (Israelite Period)
Iron Age	IA	1200–1150
Iron Age	IB	1150–1000
Iron Age	IIA	1000–900
Iron Age	IIB	900–700
Iron Age	IIC	700–586
Babylonian Period	586–539	Persian Period	539–332	Hellenistic Period
Early Hellenistic period		332–167
Late Hellenistic period (Hasmonean period)		167–37
Roman and Byzantine Periods
Early Roman period	(Herodian period—37 BCE–70 CE)	37 BCE–132 CE
Late Roman period		132–324
Byzantine period		324–638
Early Islamic through Ottoman Periods	Early Islamic periods
Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid period		638–1099
Crusader period		1099–1187
Late Islamic periods
Ayyubid period		1187–1250
Mameluke period		1250–1516
Ottoman period		1516–1917

SELECTED LIST OF RULERS

1. Based upon: K.A. Kitchen, “Regnal and Genealogical Data of Ancient Egypt.” Pp. 39–52 in M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Vienna 2000.

Egypt1
“O” Dynasty	c. 3200–3050 bce
Early Dynastic Period
1st Dynasty	c. 3050–2900
2nd Dynasty	c. 2900–2700
Old Kingdom
3rd Dynasty	2691–2617
4th Dynasty	2617–2515
5th Dynasty	2515–2362
6th Dynasty	2362–2176
First Intermediate Period
7th–8th Dynasties	2176–2136
9th–10th Dynasties	2136–2023
Middle Kingdom
11th Dynasty	2116–1973
12th Dynasty	1973–1795
Amenemhat I	1973–1944
Senwosret I	1953–1908
Amenemhat II	1911–1876
Senwosret II	1878–1872
Senwosret III	1872–1853
Amenemhat III	1853–1808
Amenemhet IV	1808–1799
Sobeknofru	1799–1795
13th–14th Dynasties	1795–1638
Second Intermediate Period
15th Dynasty (Hyksos)	1638–1540
16th–17th Dynasties	1795–1540
New Kingdom
18th Dynasty	1540–1295
Ahmose	1540–1515
Amenhotep I	1515–1494
Thutmose I	1494–1482
ThutmoseII	1482–1479
Hatshepsut	1479–1457
Thutmose III	1479–1425
Amenhotep II	1427–1401
Thutmose IV	1401–1391
Amenhotep III	1391–1353
Amenhotep IV	1353–1337
(Akhenaten)
Smenkhkare	1338–1336
Tutankhamun	1336–1327
Ay	1327–1323
Haremhab	1323–1295
19th Dynasty	1295–1186
Ramses I	1295–1294
Seti I	1294–1279
Ramses II	1279–1213
Merneptah	1213–1203
Seti II	1200–1194
Siptah	1194–1188
Tewosret	1188–1186
20th Dynasty	1186–1070
Setnakht	1186–1184
Ramses III	1184–1153
Ramses IV–XI	1153–1070
End of New Kingdom
21st Dynasty	1070–945
22nd Dynasty	945–715
Shishak I	945–924
Osorkon II	874–850
23rd Dynasty	818–720?
24th Dynasty	727–715
Late Period
25th Dynasty	760–656
Shabaka	716–702
Taharqa	690–664
26th Dynasty	664–525
Psamtik I	664–610
Necho II	610–595
Psamtik II	595–589
Psamtik III	526–525
27th Dynasty (Persian)	525–404
28th Dynasty	404–399
29th Dynasty	399–380
30th Dynasty	380–343

Assyria
Shalmaneser I	1274–1245 BCE
Tiglath-pileser I	1115–1077
Ashurnasirpal I	1050–1032
Shalmaneser II	1031–1021
Tiglath-pileser II	967–935
Adadnirari II	911–891
Ashurnasirpal II	883–859
Shalmanser III	858–824
Adadnirari III	810–783
Shalmaneser IV	782–772
Tiglath-pileser III	744–727
Shalmaneser V	726–722
Sargon II	721–705
Sennacherib	704–681
Esarhaddon	680–669
Ashurbanipal	668–627

Neo-BabylonianKingdom
Nabopolassar	625–605 BCE
Nebuchadnezzar II	604–562
Amel-Marduk	561–560
Nergal Sarussur	559–556
Nabunaid	555–539

Persia(Achaemenids)
Cyrus II	559–529 BCE
Cambyses II	528–523
Darius I	522–486
Xerxes	485–465
Artaxerxes I	464–424
Darius II	423–405
Artaxerxes II	404–359
Artaxerxes III	358–338
Arses (Xerxes II)	338–335
Darius III	335–331

The Kings of Judah and Israel	THE UNITED MONARCHY
Saul	c. 1020–1004 BCE
David	1004–965
Solomon	965–928

judah
Rehoboam	928–911
Abijam	911–908
Asa	908–867
Jehoshaphat	867–846
Jehoram	846–843
Ahaziah	843–842
Athaliah	842–836
Joash	836–798
Amaziah	798–769
Uzziah	769–733
Jotham	758–743
Ahaz	733–727
Hezekiah	727–698
Manasseh	698–642
Amon	641–640
Josiah	639–609
Jehoahaz	609
Jehoiakim	608–598
Jehoiachin	597
Zedekiah	596–586

israel
Jeroboam	928–907
Nadab	907–906
Baasha	906–883
Elah	883–882
Zimri	882
Tibni	882–878
Omri	882–871
Ahab	871–852
Ahaziah	852–851
Jehoram	851–842
Jehu	842–814
Jehoahaz	814–800
Jehoash	800–784
Jeroboam II	784–748
Zechariah	748/747
Shallum	748/747
Menahem	747–737
Pekahiah	737–735
Pekah	735–733
Hoshea	733–724

Nabatean Kings
Aretas I	c. 168 BCE
Aretas II	c. 110–100
Obodas I	c. 93
Rabbel I	c. 90–85(?)
Aretas III	c. 85–62
Obodas II	62–c. 57
Malichus I	c. 56–28
Obodas III	c. 28–9
Aretas IV	c. 9 BCE–40 CE
Malichus II	40–70
Rabbel II	70/71–106

The Hasmoneans
Jonathan	152–142 BCE
Simeon	142–134
John Hyrcanus	134–104
Aristobulus	104–103
Alexander Jannaeus	103–76
Salome Alexandra	76–67
Aristobulus II	67–63
Hyrcanus II	63–40
Matthias Antigonus	40–37

The Herodians
Herod (the Great)	37–4 BCE
Archelaus	4 BCE–6 CE
Herod Antipas	4 BCE–39 CE
Philip	4 BCE–34 CE
Herod Agrippa I	37–44 CE
Agrippa II	53–100(?)

The Procurators
Coponius	c. 6–9 CE
Marcus Ambibulus	9–12
Annius Rufus	12–15
Valerius Gratus	15–26
Pontius Pilate	26–36
Marcellus	36–37
Cuspius Fadus	44–46
Tiberius Alexander	46–48
Ventidius Cumanus	48–52
Antonius Felix	52–60
Porcius Festus	60–62
Albinus	62–64
Gessius Florus	64–66

The Seleucids
Seleucus I Nicator	311–280 BCE
Antiochus I Soter	280–261
Antiochus II Theos	261–246
Seleucus II Callinicus	246–225
Seleucus III Soter	225–223
Antiochus III Megas (the Great)	223–187
Seleucus IV Philopator	187–175
Antiochus IV Epiphanes	175–164
Antiochus V Eupator	163–162
Demetrius I Soter	162–150
Alexander Balas	150–145
Demetrius II Nicator	145–140
Antiochus VI Epiphanes	145–142
Tryphon	142–138
Antiochus VII Sidetes	138–129
Demetrius II Nicator (restored)	129–125
Alexander Zebinas	128–122
Cleopatra Thea	126
Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII Grypus	125–121
Seleucus V	125
Antiochus VIII Grypus	121–113, 111–96
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus	113–95
Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator	96–95
Demetrius III Philopator	95–88
Antiochus X Eusebes	95–83
Antiochus XI Philadelphus	94
Philip I Philadelphus	94–83
Antiochus XII Dionysus	87–84
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus	69–64
Philip II	67–65

The Ptolemies
Ptolemy I Soter	304–282 BCE
Ptolemy II Philadelphus	285–246
Ptolemy III Euergetes	246–221
Ptolemy IV Philopator	221–204
Ptolemy V Epiphanes	204–180
Ptolemy VI Philometer	180–145
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	145–144
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	145–116
Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros)	116–107
Ptolemy X Alexander I	107–88
Ptolemy IX Soter II (restored)	88–81
Ptolemy XI Alexander II	80
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos	80–51
Cleopatra VII Philopator	51–30
Ptolemy XIII	51–47
Ptolemy XIV	47–44
Ptolemy XV	44–30

Roman Emperors
Augustus	27 BCE–14 CE
Tiberius	14–37 CE
Gaius (Caligula)	37–41
Claudius	41–54
Nero	54–68
Galba	68–69
Otho	69
Vitellius	69
Vespasian	69–79
Titus	79–81
Domitian	81–96
Nerva	96–98
Trajan	98–117
Hadrian	117–138
Antoninus Pius	138–161
Lucius Verus	161–169
Marcus Aurelius	161–180
Commodus	180–192
Pertinax	193
Didius Julianus	193
Pescennius Niger	193–194
Clodius Albinus	193–197
Septimius Severus	193–211
Geta	211–212
Caracalla	211–217
Macrinus	217–218
Diadumenianus	218
Elagabalus	218–222
Severus Alexander	222–235
Maximinus	235–238
Gordian I–II	238
Pupienus and Balbinus	238
Gordian III	238–244
Philip Senior	244–249
Philip Junior	247–249
Trajanus Decius	249–251
Trebonianus Gallus	251–253
Volusian	251–253
Aemilianus	253
Valerian	253–260
Gallienus	253–268
Claudius Gothicus	268–270
Quintilius	270
Aurelian	270–275
Tacitus	275–276
Annius Florianus	276
Probus	276–282
Carus	282–283

1. Part of West (Italy and Africa)
2. Augustus of part of West (Illyricum, then Augustus of East (313–324)
3. Part of West (Spain, France, Britain [306–313]; all of West (313–324); all of empire (324–337)
4. East up until 353, then all of empire
5. Part of West (Italy and Africa); subject to Constantine II until 340, then all of West
6. Spain, France, and Britain

		Division between East and West begins in 283			WEST
Carinus	283–285			Numerianus	283–284
Maximianus Herculius	286–305			Diocletian	284–305
Constantius I Chlorus	305–306			Galerius	305–311
Severus	306–307
Maxentius1	306–312			Maximinus II	311–313
		Licinius2	308–324
		Constantine the Great3	306–337
		Constantius II4	337–361
Constans5	337–350
Constantine II	337–340
Magnentius	350–353
Vetranio	350
Nepotianus	350
		Julian	361–363
		Jovian	363–364
Valentinian I	364–375			Valens	364–378
Gratian	367–383
Valentinian II	375–392			Theodosius I	379–395
Maximus6	383–388
Eugenius	392–394

Byzantine Emperors	WEST		EAST
Honorius	395–423	Arcadius	395–408
Constantius III	421	Theodosius II	408–450
Iohannes	423–425	Marcian	450–457
Valentinian III	425–455	Leo I	457–474
Avitus	455–456	Leo II	474
Majorian	457–461	Zeno	474–491
Livius Severus	461–465	Anastasius I	491–518
Anthemius	467–472	Justin	518–527
Olybrius	472	Justinian I	527–565
Glycerius	473–474	Justin II	565–578
Julius Nepos	474–475	Tiberius II	578–582
Romulus Augustulus	475–476	Mauricius	582–602
		Phocas	602–610
		Heraclius	610–641
		Constans II	641–668
		Constantine IV	668–685
		Justinian II	685–695
		Leontius	695–698
		Tiberius III	698–705
		Justinian III	705–711

THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS

Period Culture Approximate Dates
Lower Paleolithic Early Acheulean
Late Acheulean
Acheulo-Yabrudian 1,500,000–780,000 bp
780,000–400/350,000 bp
400/350,000–250,000 bp

Middle Paleolithic Early Mousterian (Tabun D)
Middle Mousterian (Tabun C)
Late Mousterian (Tabun B) 250,000–110,000 bp
110,000–85/80,000 bp
85/80,000–50/47,000 bp

Upper Paleolithic Emireh Tradition
Early Ahmarian
Aurignacian
Late Ahmarian
Atlitian
Masraqan 50/47,000–22,000 bp

Epipaleolithic Kebaran
Geometric Kebaran
Early Mushabian
Late Mushabian=Ramonian
Early Natufian
Late Natufian 22,000 bp–9,500 BCE

Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
Pottery Neolithic (Yarmukian, Jericho IX) 9,500–6,400 BCE

Chalcolithic Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah)
Middle Chalcolithic (Beth-Shean XVIII, Qatifian)
Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) 6,400–3,600 BCE

THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS