Chronological Tables
THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Period | Culture | Approximate Dates |
---|---|---|
Lower Paleolithic | Early Acheulean Late Acheulean Acheulo-Yabrudian |
1,500,000–780,000 780,000–400/350,000 400/350,000–250,000 |
Middle Paleolithic | Early Mousterian (Tabun D) Middle Mousterian (Tabun C) Late Mousterian (Tabun B) |
250,000–110,000 110,000–85/80,000 85/80,000–50/47,000 |
Upper Paleolithic | Emireh Tradition Early Ahmarian Aurignacian Late Ahmarian Atlitian Masraqan |
50/47,000–22,000 |
Epipaleolithic | Kebaran Geometric Kebaran Early Mushabian Late Mushabian=Ramonian Early Natufian Late Natufian |
22,000 |
Neolithic | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Pottery Neolithic (Yarmukian, Jericho IX) |
9,500–6,400 BCE |
Chalcolithic | Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) Middle Chalcolithic (Beth-Shean XVIII, Qatifian) Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) |
6,400–3,600 BCE |
THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Bronze Age (Canaanite Period) | ||
---|---|---|
Early Bronze Age | I | 3600–3000 BCE |
Early Bronze Age | II | 3000–2750 |
Early Bronze Age | III | 2750–2400/2300 |
Middle Bronze Age | I (EB IV–Intermediate Bronze) | 2400/2300–2000 |
Middle Bronze Age | IIA | 2000–1750 |
Middle Bronze Age | IIB | 1750–1550 |
Late Bronze Age | I | 1550–1400 |
Late Bronze Age | IIA | 1400–1300 |
Late Bronze Age | IIB | 1300–1200 | Iron Age (Israelite Period) |
Iron Age | IA | 1200–1150 |
Iron Age | IB | 1150–1000 |
Iron Age | IIA | 1000–900 |
Iron Age | IIB | 900–700 |
Iron Age | IIC | 700–586 | Babylonian Period | 586–539 | Persian Period | 539–332 | Hellenistic Period |
Early Hellenistic period | 332–167 | |
Late Hellenistic period (Hasmonean period) | 167–37 | Roman and Byzantine Periods |
Early Roman period | (Herodian period—37 BCE–70 CE) | 37 BCE–132 CE |
Late Roman period | 132–324 | |
Byzantine period | 324–638 | Early Islamic through Ottoman Periods | Early Islamic periods |
Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid period | 638–1099 | |
Crusader period | 1099–1187 | Late Islamic periods |
Ayyubid period | 1187–1250 | |
Mameluke period | 1250–1516 | |
Ottoman period | 1516–1917 |
SELECTED LIST OF RULERS
Egypt |
|
---|---|
“O” Dynasty | c. 3200–3050 bce | Early Dynastic Period |
1st Dynasty | c. 3050–2900 |
2nd Dynasty | c. 2900–2700 | Old Kingdom |
3rd Dynasty | 2691–2617 |
4th Dynasty | 2617–2515 |
5th Dynasty | 2515–2362 |
6th Dynasty | 2362–2176 | First Intermediate Period |
7th–8th Dynasties | 2176–2136 |
9th–10th Dynasties | 2136–2023 | Middle Kingdom |
11th Dynasty | 2116–1973 |
12th Dynasty | 1973–1795 |
Amenemhat I | 1973–1944 |
Senwosret I | 1953–1908 |
Amenemhat II | 1911–1876 |
Senwosret II | 1878–1872 |
Senwosret III | 1872–1853 |
Amenemhat III | 1853–1808 |
Amenemhet IV | 1808–1799 |
Sobeknofru | 1799–1795 |
13th–14th Dynasties | 1795–1638 | Second Intermediate Period |
15th Dynasty (Hyksos) | 1638–1540 |
16th–17th Dynasties | 1795–1540 | New Kingdom |
18th Dynasty | 1540–1295 |
Ahmose | 1540–1515 |
Amenhotep I | 1515–1494 |
Thutmose I | 1494–1482 |
ThutmoseII | 1482–1479 |
Hatshepsut | 1479–1457 |
Thutmose III | 1479–1425 |
Amenhotep II | 1427–1401 |
Thutmose IV | 1401–1391 |
Amenhotep III | 1391–1353 |
Amenhotep IV | 1353–1337 |
(Akhenaten) | |
Smenkhkare | 1338–1336 |
Tutankhamun | 1336–1327 |
Ay | 1327–1323 |
Haremhab | 1323–1295 |
19th Dynasty | 1295–1186 |
Ramses I | 1295–1294 |
Seti I | 1294–1279 |
Ramses II | 1279–1213 |
Merneptah | 1213–1203 |
Seti II | 1200–1194 |
Siptah | 1194–1188 |
Tewosret | 1188–1186 |
20th Dynasty | 1186–1070 |
Setnakht | 1186–1184 |
Ramses III | 1184–1153 |
Ramses IV–XI | 1153–1070 | End of New Kingdom |
21st Dynasty | 1070–945 |
22nd Dynasty | 945–715 |
Shishak I | 945–924 |
Osorkon II | 874–850 |
23rd Dynasty | 818–720? |
24th Dynasty | 727–715 | Late Period |
25th Dynasty | 760–656 |
Shabaka | 716–702 |
Taharqa | 690–664 |
26th Dynasty | 664–525 |
Psamtik I | 664–610 |
Necho II | 610–595 |
Psamtik II | 595–589 |
Psamtik III | 526–525 |
27th Dynasty (Persian) | 525–404 |
28th Dynasty | 404–399 |
29th Dynasty | 399–380 |
30th Dynasty | 380–343 |
Assyria | |
---|---|
Shalmaneser I | 1274–1245 BCE |
Tiglath-pileser I | 1115–1077 |
Ashurnasirpal I | 1050–1032 |
Shalmaneser II | 1031–1021 |
Tiglath-pileser II | 967–935 |
Adadnirari II | 911–891 |
Ashurnasirpal II | 883–859 |
Shalmanser III | 858–824 |
Adadnirari III | 810–783 |
Shalmaneser IV | 782–772 |
Tiglath-pileser III | 744–727 |
Shalmaneser V | 726–722 |
Sargon II | 721–705 |
Sennacherib | 704–681 |
Esarhaddon | 680–669 |
Ashurbanipal | 668–627 |
Neo-BabylonianKingdom | |
---|---|
Nabopolassar | 625–605 BCE |
Nebuchadnezzar II | 604–562 |
Amel-Marduk | 561–560 |
Nergal Sarussur | 559–556 |
Nabunaid | 555–539 |
Persia(Achaemenids) | |
---|---|
Cyrus II | 559–529 BCE |
Cambyses II | 528–523 |
Darius I | 522–486 |
Xerxes | 485–465 |
Artaxerxes I | 464–424 |
Darius II | 423–405 |
Artaxerxes II | 404–359 |
Artaxerxes III | 358–338 |
Arses (Xerxes II) | 338–335 |
Darius III | 335–331 |
The Kings of Judah and Israel | THE UNITED MONARCHY |
---|---|
Saul | c. 1020–1004 BCE |
David | 1004–965 |
Solomon | 965–928 |
Rehoboam | 928–911 |
Abijam | 911–908 |
Asa | 908–867 |
Jehoshaphat | 867–846 |
Jehoram | 846–843 |
Ahaziah | 843–842 |
Athaliah | 842–836 |
Joash | 836–798 |
Amaziah | 798–769 |
Uzziah | 769–733 |
Jotham | 758–743 |
Ahaz | 733–727 |
Hezekiah | 727–698 |
Manasseh | 698–642 |
Amon | 641–640 |
Josiah | 639–609 |
Jehoahaz | 609 |
Jehoiakim | 608–598 |
Jehoiachin | 597 |
Zedekiah | 596–586 |
Jeroboam | 928–907 |
Nadab | 907–906 |
Baasha | 906–883 |
Elah | 883–882 |
Zimri | 882 |
Tibni | 882–878 |
Omri | 882–871 |
Ahab | 871–852 |
Ahaziah | 852–851 |
Jehoram | 851–842 |
Jehu | 842–814 |
Jehoahaz | 814–800 |
Jehoash | 800–784 |
Jeroboam II | 784–748 |
Zechariah | 748/747 |
Shallum | 748/747 |
Menahem | 747–737 |
Pekahiah | 737–735 |
Pekah | 735–733 |
Hoshea | 733–724 |
Nabatean Kings | |
---|---|
Aretas I | c. 168 BCE |
Aretas II | c. 110–100 |
Obodas I | c. 93 |
Rabbel I | c. 90–85(?) |
Aretas III | c. 85–62 |
Obodas II | 62–c. 57 |
Malichus I | c. 56–28 |
Obodas III | c. 28–9 |
Aretas IV | c. 9 BCE–40 CE |
Malichus II | 40–70 |
Rabbel II | 70/71–106 |
The Hasmoneans | |
---|---|
Jonathan | 152–142 BCE |
Simeon | 142–134 |
John Hyrcanus | 134–104 |
Aristobulus | 104–103 |
Alexander Jannaeus | 103–76 |
Salome Alexandra | 76–67 |
Aristobulus II | 67–63 |
Hyrcanus II | 63–40 |
Matthias Antigonus | 40–37 |
The Herodians | |
---|---|
Herod (the Great) | 37–4 BCE |
Archelaus | 4 BCE–6 CE |
Herod Antipas | 4 BCE–39 CE |
Philip | 4 BCE–34 CE |
Herod Agrippa I | 37–44 CE |
Agrippa II | 53–100(?) |
The Procurators | |
---|---|
Coponius | c. 6–9 CE |
Marcus Ambibulus | 9–12 |
Annius Rufus | 12–15 |
Valerius Gratus | 15–26 |
Pontius Pilate | 26–36 |
Marcellus | 36–37 |
Cuspius Fadus | 44–46 |
Tiberius Alexander | 46–48 |
Ventidius Cumanus | 48–52 |
Antonius Felix | 52–60 |
Porcius Festus | 60–62 |
Albinus | 62–64 |
Gessius Florus | 64–66 |
The Seleucids | |
---|---|
Seleucus I Nicator | 311–280 BCE |
Antiochus I Soter | 280–261 |
Antiochus II Theos | 261–246 |
Seleucus II Callinicus | 246–225 |
Seleucus III Soter | 225–223 |
Antiochus III Megas (the Great) | 223–187 |
Seleucus IV Philopator | 187–175 |
Antiochus IV Epiphanes | 175–164 |
Antiochus V Eupator | 163–162 |
Demetrius I Soter | 162–150 |
Alexander Balas | 150–145 |
Demetrius II Nicator | 145–140 |
Antiochus VI Epiphanes | 145–142 |
Tryphon | 142–138 |
Antiochus VII Sidetes | 138–129 |
Demetrius II Nicator (restored) | 129–125 |
Alexander Zebinas | 128–122 |
Cleopatra Thea | 126 |
Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII Grypus | 125–121 |
Seleucus V | 125 |
Antiochus VIII Grypus | 121–113, 111–96 |
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus | 113–95 |
Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator | 96–95 |
Demetrius III Philopator | 95–88 |
Antiochus X Eusebes | 95–83 |
Antiochus XI Philadelphus | 94 |
Philip I Philadelphus | 94–83 |
Antiochus XII Dionysus | 87–84 |
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus | 69–64 |
Philip II | 67–65 |
The Ptolemies | |
---|---|
Ptolemy I Soter | 304–282 BCE |
Ptolemy II Philadelphus | 285–246 |
Ptolemy III Euergetes | 246–221 |
Ptolemy IV Philopator | 221–204 |
Ptolemy V Epiphanes | 204–180 |
Ptolemy VI Philometer | 180–145 |
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator | 145–144 |
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | 145–116 |
Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) | 116–107 |
Ptolemy X Alexander I | 107–88 |
Ptolemy IX Soter II (restored) | 88–81 |
Ptolemy XI Alexander II | 80 |
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos | 80–51 |
Cleopatra VII Philopator | 51–30 |
Ptolemy XIII | 51–47 |
Ptolemy XIV | 47–44 |
Ptolemy XV | 44–30 |
Roman Emperors | |
---|---|
Augustus | 27 BCE–14 CE |
Tiberius | 14–37 CE |
Gaius (Caligula) | 37–41 |
Claudius | 41–54 |
Nero | 54–68 |
Galba | 68–69 |
Otho | 69 |
Vitellius | 69 |
Vespasian | 69–79 |
Titus | 79–81 |
Domitian | 81–96 |
Nerva | 96–98 |
Trajan | 98–117 |
Hadrian | 117–138 |
Antoninus Pius | 138–161 |
Lucius Verus | 161–169 |
Marcus Aurelius | 161–180 |
Commodus | 180–192 |
Pertinax | 193 |
Didius Julianus | 193 |
Pescennius Niger | 193–194 |
Clodius Albinus | 193–197 |
Septimius Severus | 193–211 |
Geta | 211–212 |
Caracalla | 211–217 |
Macrinus | 217–218 |
Diadumenianus | 218 |
Elagabalus | 218–222 |
Severus Alexander | 222–235 |
Maximinus | 235–238 |
Gordian I–II | 238 |
Pupienus and Balbinus | 238 |
Gordian III | 238–244 |
Philip Senior | 244–249 |
Philip Junior | 247–249 |
Trajanus Decius | 249–251 |
Trebonianus Gallus | 251–253 |
Volusian | 251–253 |
Aemilianus | 253 |
Valerian | 253–260 |
Gallienus | 253–268 |
Claudius Gothicus | 268–270 |
Quintilius | 270 |
Aurelian | 270–275 |
Tacitus | 275–276 |
Annius Florianus | 276 |
Probus | 276–282 |
Carus | 282–283 |
Division between East and West begins in 283 | WEST | EAST | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carinus | 283–285 | Numerianus | 283–284 | ||
Maximianus Herculius | 286–305 | Diocletian | 284–305 | ||
Constantius I Chlorus | 305–306 | Galerius | 305–311 | ||
Severus | 306–307 | ||||
Maxentius |
306–312 | Maximinus II | 311–313 | ||
Licinius |
308–324 | ||||
Constantine the Great |
306–337 | ||||
Constantius II |
337–361 | ||||
Constans |
337–350 | ||||
Constantine II | 337–340 | ||||
Magnentius | 350–353 | ||||
Vetranio | 350 | ||||
Nepotianus | 350 | ||||
Julian | 361–363 | ||||
Jovian | 363–364 | ||||
Valentinian I | 364–375 | Valens | 364–378 | ||
Gratian | 367–383 | ||||
Valentinian II | 375–392 | Theodosius I | 379–395 | ||
Maximus |
383–388 | ||||
Eugenius | 392–394 |
Byzantine Emperors | WEST | EAST | |
---|---|---|---|
Honorius | 395–423 | Arcadius | 395–408 |
Constantius III | 421 | Theodosius II | 408–450 |
Iohannes | 423–425 | Marcian | 450–457 |
Valentinian III | 425–455 | Leo I | 457–474 |
Avitus | 455–456 | Leo II | 474 |
Majorian | 457–461 | Zeno | 474–491 |
Livius Severus | 461–465 | Anastasius I | 491–518 |
Anthemius | 467–472 | Justin | 518–527 |
Olybrius | 472 | Justinian I | 527–565 |
Glycerius | 473–474 | Justin II | 565–578 |
Julius Nepos | 474–475 | Tiberius II | 578–582 |
Romulus Augustulus | 475–476 | Mauricius | 582–602 |
Phocas | 602–610 | ||
Heraclius | 610–641 | ||
Constans II | 641–668 | ||
Constantine IV | 668–685 | ||
Justinian II | 685–695 | ||
Leontius | 695–698 | ||
Tiberius III | 698–705 | ||
Justinian III | 705–711 |
THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Period | Culture | Approximate Dates |
---|---|---|
Lower Paleolithic | Early Acheulean Late Acheulean Acheulo-Yabrudian |
1,500,000–780,000 780,000–400/350,000 400/350,000–250,000 |
Middle Paleolithic | Early Mousterian (Tabun D) Middle Mousterian (Tabun C) Late Mousterian (Tabun B) |
250,000–110,000 110,000–85/80,000 85/80,000–50/47,000 |
Upper Paleolithic | Emireh Tradition Early Ahmarian Aurignacian Late Ahmarian Atlitian Masraqan |
50/47,000–22,000 |
Epipaleolithic | Kebaran Geometric Kebaran Early Mushabian Late Mushabian=Ramonian Early Natufian Late Natufian |
22,000 |
Neolithic | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Pottery Neolithic (Yarmukian, Jericho IX) |
9,500–6,400 BCE |
Chalcolithic | Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) Middle Chalcolithic (Beth-Shean XVIII, Qatifian) Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) |
6,400–3,600 BCE |
THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS