As the first-century A.D. Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote in De Medicina, “A surgeon ought to be young, or, at any rate, not very old; his hand should be firm and steady, and never shake … His eyesight should be acute and clear, his mind intrepid, and so far subject to pity as to make him desirous of the recovery of his patient, but not so far as to suffer himself to be moved by his [patient’s] cries … as if the other’s screams made no impression on him.”
Thus the physician Iapyx attempts to remove an arrow from the thigh of the Trojan hero Aeneas (above), in this first-century A.D. fresco from Pompeii illustrating a scene from Virgil’s Aeneid. Virgil recounts that after the fall of Troy, Aeneas and his men sail into the Mediterranean, eventually settling in Italy, where Aeneas founds Rome. While fighting in Italy, Aeneas is wounded; when Iapyx fails to extract the arrow with “grasping tongs”, Aeneas’s mother, the goddess Venus (upper left), arrives with the healing herb dittany, which she has brought from Crete.
Celsus’s writings indicate that Roman doctors used ligatures to stem bleeding and developed plastic surgery procedures, such as removing stigmatizing brands from freed slaves. Although the ancient physicians knew nothing of bacterial infections, they generally boiled their surgical instruments before each use. They cleaned wounds with acetum, an acidic, vinegary substance that serves as a mild antiseptic—a procedure rediscovered in the 19th century by the British scientist Joseph Lister, who experimented with carbolic acid.
Roman surgeons also burned off gangrenous tissue (and warts) with heated iron and performed amputations.
A Roman surgeon’s “medicine box” would typically include iron or bronze forceps, scalpels, catheters and hooks (used as probes and for handling small pieces of tissue). The ancients also developed highly specialized instruments, including bone drills (which look like cork screws and were used to extract foreign objects—such as weapon fragments—and diseased bone tissue), vaginal speculums and syringes.
As the medical profession became increasingly sophisticated, physicians became more esteemed, and the emperor Augustus (27 B.C.–14 A.D.) even awarded them titles and land grants. Not everyone had a high opinion of Roman medicine, however. Pliny the Elder (23–79 A.D.) complained in his Natural History: “It is at the expense of our perils that [doctors] learn, and by conducting experiments they put us to death; a doctor is the only man that can kill a man with complete impunity.”
As the first-century A.D. Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote in De Medicina, “A surgeon ought to be young, or, at any rate, not very old; his hand should be firm and steady, and never shake … His eyesight should be acute and clear, his mind intrepid, and so far subject to pity as to make him desirous of the recovery of his patient, but not so far as to suffer himself to be moved by his [patient’s] cries … as if the other’s screams made no impression on him.” Thus the physician Iapyx attempts to remove an arrow […]
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