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Egyptian Pharaoh in Edom

A scarab bearing the name of Pharaoh Sheshonq I was discovered in the copper-ore-rich Faynan region of southern Jordan—the land of Edom—during archaeological work led by University of California, San Diego’s Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar.1a Referred to as Shishak in the Bible (1 Kings 11:40; 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:2‒4), Sheshonq is famous for his campaign into Israel and Judah in c. 925 B.C.E.b Whether he attacked Jerusalem is a scholarly conundrum. The Bible says he (or rather Shishak) did. Sheshonq himself built a grand entrance—the Bubastite Portal—to the colonnaded forecourt at the temple of Amun in Karnak […]

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Footnotes

1.

See also Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar, “Edom & Copper,” BAR 32:04; Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar, “Condemned to the Mines,” BAR 32:04.

2.

See Yigal Levin, “Did Pharaoh Sheshonq Attack Jerusalem?” BAR 38:04.

Endnotes

1.

Thomas E. Levy, Stefan Münger and Mohammad Najjar, “A Newly Discovered Scarab of Sheshonq I: Recent Iron Age Explorations in Southern Jordan,” Antiquity 341 (2014), journal.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/levy341; Stefan Münger and Thomas E. Levy, “The Iron Age Egyptian Amulet Assemblage,” in Thomas E. Levy, Mohammad Najjar and Erez Ben-Yosef, eds. New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2014), pp. 740‒765.