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First Person: Privies and Privacy

By Hershel Shanks

In the late 16th century, France was divided both politically and religiously. King Henri III was hated by almost everyone. His closest natural heir was Henri of Navarre, a kingdom in southwestern France, but Navarre had converted to Protestantism. The Catholic Henri III was prepared to recognize Henri of Navarre if he would reconvert to Catholicism. The right-wing Catholic Leaguists, as they were known, would have none of this, however. They were rabidly anti-Navarre. One of their number, a young Dominican friar named Jacques Clement, pretending to bear a secret message from his supporters, gained an audience with Henri […]

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Footnotes

1.

Jane Cahill, Karl Reinhard, David Tarler and Peter Warnock, “Scientists Examine the Remains of an Ancient Bathroom,” BAR 17:03.

2.

“Roman Latrines,” Archaeology Odyssey 07:06.

Endnotes

1.

How to Live—or a Life of Montaigne (New York: Other Press, 2010).

2.

The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne, translated by Marvin Lowenthal (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1935; republished, Jaffrey, NH: David R. Godine, 1999), pp. 84–85.