Who was the Roman governor of Judea during the time leading up to the Bar-Kokhba Revolt, the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132–136 C.E.)? This question has now been answered thanks to an inscribed stone block recently discovered off the coast of Tel Dor in northern Israel.
The enormous block was first observed under water in the Dor Nature Reserve by research students Ehud Arkin-Shalev and Michelle Kreisher from the Coastal Archaeology and Underwater Survey Lab at the University of Haifa. The significance of the block was evident because it bore an ancient inscription, and authorities determined that it must be extracted from the waters. Assaf Yasur-Landau, a professor in the Department of Maritime Civilizations at Haifa, headed the underwater excavation to bring the stone to dry land for study and conservation.
Gil Gambash, Chair of the Department of Maritime Civilizations at Haifa, is in the process of deciphering the Greek inscription on the massive 0.7-ton, 2.8-feet-high stone. The inscription was reconstructed to read: “The City of Dor honors Marcus Paccius, son of Publius, Silvanus Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus, governor of the province of Judea, as well as […] of the province of Syria, and patron of the city of Dor.”
Interestingly, the governor named on the stone, Gargilius Antiquus, is known from one other inscription found at Tel Dor in 1948. Missing from the 1948 inscription is the name of the province over which he governed, which scholars have debated was Syria or Judea. The discovery of the inscribed stone off the waters of Dor confirms that Gargilius Antiquus was governor of Judea.
Surprisingly, this is only the second inscription from the Roman period that contains the name Judea. Yasur-Landau and Gambash explain why: “Immediately after the Bar-Kokhba Revolt, the Romans decided to abolish the province of Judea and to obliterate any mention of its name. The province was united with Syria to form a single province called Syria-Palestine. So what we have here is an inscription dated to just before Judea ceased to exist as a province under that name. Of the two inscriptions mentioning the name Judea, this is the latest, of course. Because such findings are so rare, it is unlikely that we will find many later inscriptions including the name Judea.”
The other inscription that references Judea is the so-called Pilate Stone (see “Pontius Pilate” in this issue), which was found at Caesarea Maritima and mentions Pontius Pilate, the governor of Judea (26–36 C.E.) at the time of Jesus’ death.
Who was the Roman governor of Judea during the time leading up to the Bar-Kokhba Revolt, the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132–136 C.E.)? This question has now been answered thanks to an inscribed stone block recently discovered off the coast of Tel Dor in northern Israel.
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