In this early period, long-distance caravans operated on a seasonal basis, thus eliminating the need for permanent waystations. During later periods, however, forts and waystations were established throughout the Sinai and Negev to facilitate and protect trade through the region. See Tali Erickson-Gini and Yigal Israel, “Excavating the Nabataean Incense Road,” Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 1.1 (2013), pp. 24–53.