Endnote 1 – What Are Pagan River Gods Doing in Scenes of Jesus’ Baptism?

The personification of rivers is particularly common on triumphal arches. In addition to the Arch of Constantine (see Bernard Andreae, Art of Rome [New York: H.N. Abrams, 1977], fig. 8), see the Arch Septimius Severus, published by Hans Peter L’Orange and Armin von Gerken, Der späntike Bildesmuch des konstantinsbogens (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1939), fig. 25. The relief panel of Paris and Oenone, from the Palazzo Spada, was published in Richard Brilliant, Visual Narratives (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1984), pl. 2.3.