Endnote 1 – Why Did God Harden Pharaoh’s Heart?

The literature making this correlation is quite extensive. See, for example, Ziony Zevit’s “Three Ways to Look at the Ten Plagues,” BR 06:03; George A. F. Knight, Theology as Narration (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1976); Jack Finegan, Let My People Go (New York: Harper & Row, 1963); and many others. W. M. Flinders Petrie, in Egypt and Israel (1911, pp. 25–36), was the first to demonstrate that the plagues followed one another in the calendar year. Greta Hort attempted to explain away the miraculous in the plagues in an important study, “The Plagues of Egypt,” in Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 69 (1957), pp. 84–103, and ZAW 70 (1958), pp. 48–59.