Endnote 12 – Herod’s Horrid Death
Poisoning: E. Renan, Les Apôtres (Paris: M. Lévy, 1886), p. 65; J. Preuss, Biblisch-Talmudische Medizin (Berlin: Karger, 1911), pp. 190–195.
Cardio-renal failure: E.M. Merrins, “The Deaths of Antiochus IV, Herod the Great, and Herod Agrippa I,” Bibliotheca Sacra 61 (1904), pp. 558–560; E.W.G. Masterman, Hygiene and Disease in Palestine in Modern and in Biblical Times (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1920), p. 55; N. Manson and V. Kalbian, published in S. Perowne, ed., The Life and Times of Herod the Great (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1956), pp. 185–186; A.T. Sandison, “The Last Illness of Herod the Great, King of Judaea,” Medical History 11 (1967), pp. 381–388; G.M. Burden, “Examination of Literary Evidence Points to Heart Failure as the Cause of Herod’s Death,” The Celator 6:1 (January, 1992), p. 34; S.S. Kottek, Medicine and Hygiene in the Works of Flavius Josephus (Leiden: Brill, 1994), pp. 186–190.
Liver cirrhosis: M. Neuburger, Die Medizin in Flavius Josephus (Bad Reichenhall: Bachkunst, 1919), p. 58; J.O. Leibowitz, published in A.T. Sandison, “The Last Illness of Herod the Great, King of Judaea,” Medical History 11 (1967), p. 385; and in A. Schalit, Kônig Herodes: Der Mann und sein Werk (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1969), pp. 639–640.
Sexually transmitted disease: R. Eisler Iêsous Vasileus ou Vasileusas, vol. 1, (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1929), p. 156.
Cancer of the bowels: A.H.M. Jones, The Herods of Judaea (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938), p. 47.
Diabetes mellitus: S. Muntner, “Qôrôth,” Vierteljahresschrift für die Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 1 (1953), pp. 134–142.; J. McSherry, “Worms, Diabetes and King Herod the Great,” Journal of Medical Biography 5 (1997), pp. 167–169; W.R. Litchfield, “The Bittersweet Demise of Herod the Great,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91 (1998), pp. 283–284.
Cancer of the pancreas: J. Meyshan “The Disease of Herod the Great, King of Judaea,” Harefuah: Journal of the Medical Association of Israel 53 (1957), pp. 154–156 (in Hebrew with summaries in English and French); I. Buhac
Amoebic dysentery: A. Patrick, published in A.T. Sandison, “The Last Illness of Herod the Great, King of Judaea,” Medical History 11 (1967), pp. 385–386.