Endnote 13 – Herod’s Roman Temple

The triangular pediments of both temples featured copies of the Emperor Augustus’ golden shield, the Clupaeus Virtutis, which hung in the Roman Senate and was inscribed with his noble virtues, including “piety to the gods and the fatherland.” See Karl Galinsky, Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 86–88; Augustus, Res Gestae 34. The Emperor’s shield can be discerned on the coin representations of the temple at Panium.