Tryggve Mettinger, No Graven Image? (Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 1995). In a later article he suggests that “programmatic aniconism” developed only in the Exilic or post-Exilic period. Mettinger, “Israelite Aniconism: Developments and Origins,” in Karel Van der Toorn, ed., The Image and the Book (Leuven: Peeters, 1997), pp. 174–204.