Endnote 5 – Abraham’s Eight Crises

See James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with supplement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969) (ANET), p. 220, for an example of adoption at Nuzi, and p. 174 (sections 185–193) for adoption documents in Hammurabi’s law code. See also Sabatino Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1957), p. 83, and Ephraim A. Speiser, Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 10 (1930), pp. 7–13. For an example of a man at Ugarit who adopted his grandson, see Isaac Mendelsohn, “A Ugaritic Parallel to the Adoption of Ephraim and Manasseh,” Israel Exploration Journal 9 (1959), pp. 180–183.