Footnote 2 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (in Bologna, Italy)

After Jerusalem fell to the Muslims in 638, Christians continued to worship at their churches for centuries. This remained true until the days of al-Hakim (966–1021), whose tenure was marked by persecutions and religious intolerance. As the sixth caliph, or Muslim religious authority, in the Fatimid dynasty, which ruled from Egypt, al-Hakim ordered the destruction of churches throughout Fatimid territory, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. His non-Muslim subjects faced either conversion to Islam or expulsion from their homeland. The destruction of the Holy Sepulchre under al-Hakim became a call to war during the First Crusade of 1099, although by this time the church had been rebuilt.