The City of David, a long, narrow ridge extending south from the Temple Mount (the walled platform dominated today by the golden Dome of the Rock), was home to Jerusalem’s earliest settlers. But how much do we know about this crucial site? Despite (or perhaps because of) its claim to being the most excavated city in the world, Jerusalem continues to confound—and sometimes delight—archaeologists, as recent excavations force them to rewrite the history of the ancient city, its fortifications and its water system.