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OURIA TADMOR, COURTESY OF EILAT MAZAR

JERUSALEM JAR. Dated to the tenth or ninth century B.C.E., this inscription—written on a storage jar in an undetermined Northwest Semitic script—is the oldest alphabet text from Jerusalem. It was uncovered from Eilat Mazar’s excavations at the Ophel (the Temple Mount’s southern wall) in 2012. No consensus has been reached on the inscription’s meaning.