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Footnotes
See Israel Finkelstein and David Ussishkin, “Back to Megiddo,” BAR 20:01.
Based on the length of an active fault, we can estimate the largest potential magnitude (M) of its earthquakes. For the Carmel-Gilboa system, this is M6 to M6.5 on the Richter scale, comparable to the M7.6 earthquake in Northridge, California, in 1994.
Strata (singular i) are the layers of occupation excavated at an archaeological tell. The most recent layer, near the top of the tell, is numbered one. The numbers progress as archaeologists dig deeper into the ground, revealing earlier and earlier occupation layers. The numbers of the Megiddo strata used in this article are those assigned by the Oriental Institute excavators.
See Ephraim Stern, “The Many Masters of Dor—Part II: How Bad Was Ahab?” BAR 19:02.
See Andrew Stewart, “A Death at Dor,” BAR 19:02.
See Bryant G. Wood, “Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho? A New Look at the Archaeological Evidence,” BAR 16:02; and “Dating Jericho’s Destruction,” BAR 16:05.
Baruch Safrai, “Recollections from 40 years ago—More Scrolls Lie Buried,” BAR 19:01.
Endnotes
The Annals of Thutmose III’s military campaign are carved on the walls of the Temple of Karnak. See James B. Pritchard, ed., i, 3rd ed. (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969), p. 237.
These earthquakes occurred in c. 1400 B.C.E., c. 1250 B.C.E., c. 1020 B.C.E., c. 760 B.C.E., 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., 1202 C.E., 1546 C.E., 1859 C.E. and 1927 C.E.
Kathleen M. Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy Land (London: Benn; New York: Norton, 1979), 4th ed., p. 188.
“It appears that the first impression of the (early) Megiddo excavators was correct and that the cause of the massive destruction was a high intensity earthquake,” Aharon Kempinski, Megiddo (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1993), p. 208; see also p. 94.