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Footnotes
In 1928 a Syrian farmer accidentally struck a tomb with his plow at Ras Shamra, on the northern coast of Syria. Subsequent excavations revealed the remains of the 14th-century B.C. city of Ugarit. Archaeologists discovered thousands of cuneiform tablets here. Several found in the library of the chief priest of the temple of Baal record the major Canaanite myths.
Endnotes
The translation is that of the New International Version (except that “Lucifer” has been substituted for “morning star” and “Sheol” for “the grave”).
Augustine, City of God 11.13–15; cf. Augustine, The City of God, trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Modern Library, 1950), pp. 358–359.
See Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997), pp. 54–55. It is perhaps best to agree with the words of Robert H. O’Connell: “A precise identification of a particular historical figure seems unlikely” (“Isaiah xiv 4b–23: Ironic Reversal Through Concentric Structure and Mythic Allusion,” Vetus Testamentum 38:4 [1988], p. 417).
The translation is that of Johannes C. de Moor, An Anthology of Religious Texts from Ugarit (Leiden: Brill, 1987), pp. 85–86.
For opposing opinions on this matter, cf., e.g., de Moor, An Anthology of Religious Texts, p. 145 n. 33, which identifies the two, and J.C.L. Gibson, Canaanite Myths and Legends, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1978), p. 29 n. 1, which denies the equation.
This stanza is found in tablet 11, lines 1–7. The translation is that of E.A. Speiser (The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures ed. James B. Pritchard [Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1958], pp. 65–66).
Many scholars readily admit this. See, for example, John N. Oswalt, The Book of Isaiah: Chapters 1–39 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), p. 322; Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27, pp. 63, 65; W.S. Prinsloo, “Isaiah 14:12–15—Humiliation, Hubris, Humiliation,” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 93 (1981), p. 438 n. 35.
Brevard S. Childs, Myth and Reality in the Old Testament, Studies in Biblical Theology 27 (London: SCM, 1960), p. 69.
Robert L. Alden, “Lucifer, Who or What?” Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 11 (1968), p. 38.