Endnotes

1.

Ezra 3:12; Tobit 14:5. The Temple was begun in 538 B.C.E., less than 50 years after the destruction of the First Temple in 586 B.C.E. by Nebuchadnezzar.

2.

1 Maccabees 1:20–24; 2 Maccabees 5:15–16.

3.

Josephus, Jewish War i 145–51; Jewish Antiquities xiv 61–71; Diodorus Siculus, Library of History xxxvii 16, 1–4.

4.

Emilio Gabba, “The Finances of King Herod,” in Aryeh Kasher, Uriel Rappaport and Gideon Fuks, eds., Greece and Rome in Eretz Israel, (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi/Israel Exploration Society, 1990), pp. 160–168.

5.

Josephus, Antiquities xvi 150–60.

6.

Josephus, War i 426–27; Antiquities xvi 149.

7.

Josephus, War i 422–28; Antiquities xvi 147–49. See Duane W. Roller, The Building Program of Herod the Great (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1998), pp. 214–238.

8.

See Roller, Building Program, pp. 209–212 (on Samaria-Sebaste); pp. 133–44 (on Caesarea); pp. 131–132 (on Antipatris). Roller cites the relevant references in Josephus relating to Herod’s building activities.

9.

Suetonius, Augustus 28.

10.

Augustus, Res Gestae 19–21. On Augustan Rome, see Diana Favro, The Urban Image of Augustan Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).

11.

On the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Caesarea, see Kenneth G. Holum, “The Temple Platform: Progress Report on the Excavations,” in Holum, Avner Raban and Joseph Patrich, Caesarea Papers 2: Herod’s Temple, the Provincial Governor’s Praetorium and Granaries, the Later Harbor, a Gold Coin Hoard and Other Studies (Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. No. 35, 1999), pp. 12–34. On Panium see Zvi U. Ma’oz, “Banias,” in Ephraim Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), pp. 136–143. On Augusteum at Samaria-Sebaste see Dan Barag, “King Herod’s Royal Castle at Samaria-Sebaste,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 125 (1993), pp. 4–8.

12.

Josephus, Antiquities xv 363–64; Compare Josephus War i 404, where this temple is described as being built of marble.

13.

The triangular pediments of both temples featured copies of the Emperor Augustus’ golden shield, the Clupaeus Virtutis, which hung in the Roman Senate and was inscribed with his noble virtues, including “piety to the gods and the fatherland.” See Karl Galinsky, Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 86–88; Augustus, Res Gestae 34. The Emperor’s shield can be discerned on the coin representations of the temple at Panium.

14.

Josephus, Antiquities xv 382–87.

15.

In Josephus (Antiquities xv 380) the start of this project is given as the 18th year of Herod’s reign, whereas in War i 401, the date is given as Herod’s 15th year. Emil Schürer (The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ [Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1973], p. 292, n. 12) has pointed out that the rebuilding of the Temple must have begun in 20/19 B.C.E. because we are informed in the passage from Antiquities that this event coincided with the visit of the Emperor to Syria, which took place in the spring or summer of 20 B.C.E., during the consulship of M. Apuleius and P. Silius, in 20 B.C.E.

16.

Josephus, Antiquities xvi 14; Philo, Embassy to Gaius 295–297. Philo provides additional evidence of Augustus’ respect for the Temple and the Jewish cult. See Philo, Embassy to Gaius 309–318.

17.

Philo, Embassy to Gaius 319.

18.

Josephus, War i 401; v 184–247; Antiquities xv 380–425; Mishnah, Middot 1–5; Philo, Special Laws i 13.

19.

Lee I. Levine, “Josephus’ Description of the Jerusalem Temple: War, Antiquities, and Other Sources,” in Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period: Essays in Memory of Morton Smith, ed. F. Parente and J. Sievers (Leiden: Brill, 1994), pp. 233–246.

20.

Henri Seyrig, Robert Amy and Ernest Will, Le Temple de Bêl à Palmyre (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1975).

21.

Seyrig and Seyrig, Temple, pp. 41–42 and 61–62. See Henner von Hesberg, “The significance of the cities in the kingdom of Herod,” in Klaus Fittschen and Gideon Foerster Judaea and the Graeco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence (Acts of a Symposium Organised by the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Archaeological Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Jerusalem, Nov. 3–4, 1988; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1996), p. 15.

22.

The existing vaults, known as Solomon’s Stables, are successors to the Herodian substructures, and they date from the early Islamic period. See Shimon Gibson and David Jacobson, Below the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 647, 1996), pp. 268–279.

23.

Reinhard Förtsch, “The Residences of King Herod and their Relations to Roman Villa Architecture,” in Fittschen and Foerster, 1996, pp. 75–78.

24.

On the similar character of the twin submerged entrances see C. Warren and C.R. Conder, Survey of Western Palestine (London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1884), pp. 164–66; see also Gibson and Jacobson, Below the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, pp. 235–59. Warren’s examination showed that the “Triple Gate” was “a gateway of about the same style as the Double Gate, and is very likely at that time to have exactly corresponded to it in only having two passages” (“Excavations at Jerusalem,” in W. Morrison, ed., The Recovery of Jerusalem: A Narrative of Exploration and Discovery in the City and Holy Land [London: R. Bentley, 1871], p. 231; see also Conder in Warren and Conder, Survey of Western Palestine, p. 165). On the voussoirs of the “Triple Gate,” see D. Bahat “The Western Wall Tunnels,” in H. Geva, ed., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1994), p. 182; Gibson and Jacobson, Below the Temple Mount, p. 268.

25.

Vitruvius, On Architecture iii 1.

26.

Plato, Philebus 64E. On symmetria and classical Décor Theory, see Jerome J. Pollitt, The Ancient View of Greek Art: Criticism, History and Terminology (New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1974), pp. 14–22 and 160–162.

27.

David Jacobson, “Geometrical Planning in Monumental Herodian Architecture,” Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 17 (1999), pp. 67–76.

28.

Vitruvius, On Architecture v 6.

29.

Heinrich Bauer, “Lysikratesdenkmal, Baubestand und Rekonstruktion,” Mitteilungen des deutschen archaologisches Instituts, athenisches Abteilung 92 (1977), pp. 203–207.

30.

David Jacobson, “Decorative Drafted-margin Masonry in Jerusalem and Hebron and its Relations,” Levant 32 (2000), pp. 135–154.

31.

Josephus, Antiquities xv 411–16.

32.

Josephus, Antiquities xv 413–14.

33.

Nahman Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980), pp. 151–152 and 161–165.

34.

Josephus, War vi 424; Joachim Jeremias, Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus (London: SCM Press, 1969), pp. 77–84.

35.

Mathea-Försch, 1996, p. 182.