Life and Death on the Israel-Lebanon Border - The BAS Library

Endnotes

1.

See Joshua 12:22, 19:37.

2.

Kedesh is cited twice in the Zenon papyri (P. Cairo Zen. I 59.004); see W.L. Westermann, C.W. Keyes and H. Liebesny, Zenon Papyri (New York: Columbia Univ. Press) vol. 2. Both texts apparently date to 259 B.C.E.

3.

Josephus, Antiquities 13.154-62; War 2.459, 4.104).

4.

Jonathan Goldstein (I Maccabees, Anchor Bible Series 41, [Doubleday, Garden City, NY: 1976], p. 170) dates this battle to September 145 B.C.E., though nothing in the text precludes a date of 144 or even early 143 B.C.E.

5.

See M. J. W. Leith, Wadi Daliyeh: The Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 24 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997).

6.

Nahman Avigad, Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah (Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 1986); P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., Ancient Inscriptions: Voices from the Biblical World (Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1996), pp. 147–149.

7.

A. Invernizzi, “Portraits of Seleucid Kings on the Sealings from Seleucia-on-the-Tigris: Reassessment,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 12, pp. 105–112; R. Wallenfels “Private seals and sealing practices at Hellenistic Uruk,” Archives et Sceaux du Monde Hellénistique, eds. M.-F. Boussac, M.-F. and A. Invernizzi, Bulletin de correspondance héllenique, Supplement 29, pp. 113–130.

8.

For a detailed discussion of this and other inscribed sealings, see Donald Ariel and Joseph Naveh, “Selected Inscribed Sealings from Kedesh in the Upper Galilee,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 329 (2003), pp. 61–80.

9.

Josephus Antiquities 13.11.3.

10.

On this seal, see the article by Ariel and Naveh cited in note 8.

11.

We know of only one ancient mention of similar amputation: in 2 Samuel 4:12, David has the hands and feet of the murderers of Ish-bosheth cut off.

12.

Josephus, War 2.327; see also 6.354.

13.

J. D. Grainger, Hellenistic Phoenicia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 125.