New Testament Religious Figures Confirmed
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Footnotes
1. See Lawrence Mykytiuk, “Archaeology Confirms 50 Real People in the Bible,” BAR, March/April 2014; Lawrence Mykytiuk, “Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible,” BAR, January/February 2015; Lawrence Mykytiuk, “Archaeology Confirms 3 More Bible People,” BAR, May/June 2017; Lawrence Mykytiuk, “New Testament Political Figures Confirmed,” BAR, September/October 2017.
2.
The Mishnah and the Gemara make up the Talmud, one of Judaism’s foundational collections of texts. The Mishnah was compiled in the second century C.E. by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi (the Prince; c. 135–200 C.E.) on the basis of earlier collections.
3. See Győző Vörös, “Machaerus: Where Salome Danced and John the Baptist Was Beheaded,” BAR, September/October 2012; Győző Vörös, “Anastylosis at Machaerus,” BAR, January/February 2015; Győző Vörös, “Machaerus: A Palace-Fortress with Multiple Mikva’ot,” BAR, July/August 2017; Győző Vörös, “Restoring Herod’s Throne Niche at Machaerus,” BAR, Winter 2020.
4. See Mark Wilson, “James or Jacob in the Bible? Giving Jacob His Due,” Bible History Daily (blog), April 27, 2017.
5. See André Lemaire, “Burial Box of James the Brother of Jesus,” BAR, November/December 2002; Hershel Shanks, “‘Brother of Jesus’ Inscription Is Authentic!” BAR, July/August 2012.
6. Leen Ritmeyer and Kathleen Ritmeyer, “Akeldama: Potter’s Field or High Priest’s Tomb?” BAR, November/December 1994.
Endnotes
1.
Orlah 2.12a; Rosh ha-Shanah 2.5e; Yebamoth 16.7e, h; Sotah 9.15e, l; and Gittin 4.2b, e, 4.3c. Many other tractates refer to “Gamaliel,” but it is unclear to which Gamaliel they refer. Josephus, Life 38, refers to “Simon, the son of Gamaliel.” See also “Gamaliel I” and “Hillel,” in The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), available online.
2.
The term “brother” can be translated to mean either a male sibling or a relative, especially a cousin. The latter can be used to support the teaching that Mary, the mother of Jesus, remained a perpetual virgin. The Christian teaching of the virginal conception of Jesus means that even if they were actual children of the same mother, they could be no closer than half-siblings. They might also have been children of Joseph by a previous marriage.