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Footnotes
See Robert J. Bull, “Caesarea Maritima: The Search for Herod’s City,” BAR, 8:03; Barbara Burrell, Kathryn Gleason and Ehud Netzer, “Uncovering Herod’s Seaside Palace,” BAR, 19:03; Yosef Porath, “Vegas on the Med,” BAR, 30:05
Endnotes
Portions of this article will appear in a festschrift to honor James F. Strange. My purpose in both has been to demonstrate that historians need archaeologists and that archaeologists need historians.
See Shemuel Safrai and Menahem Stern, The Jewish People in the First Century, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 1 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974), p. 316. Other editions restore and interpret the inscription differently, but they all agree it reads “Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judea.”
Ya’akov Meshorer, A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar-Kochba (Nyack, NY: Amphora Books, 2001), pp. 167—173.
This is likely the Antonia Fortress adjacent to the Temple precincts. See Ehud Netzer, The Palaces of the Hasmoneans and Herod the Great (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2001), pp. 123—125. Its close proximity to the sanctuary may have contributed to confusion in later periods in both Jewish and Christian memories. See Megillat Ta’anit 9: “On the third of Kislev the ensigns were removed from the [Temple] court.” Eusebius, quoting Philo, remarks that it was in the Temple that Pilate set up the standards at night (Proof of the Gospel 8.2.123).
Daniel R. Schwartz, “Josephus and Philo on Pontius Pilate,” in Lee I. Levine, ed., The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, vol. 3 (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1983), pp. 182—217; Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary,vol. 1B, Judean War 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), p. 139.
See Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 203; Emil Schürer, Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Matthew Black, eds., The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1973), pp. 394—397.
Amihai Mazar, “The Aqueducts of Jerusalem,” in Yigael Yadin, ed., Jerusalem Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1975), pp. 79—80.
Louis H. Feldman, trans., Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Books XVIII—XIX, Loeb Classical Library 433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1965), pp. 46—47.
The half-shekel Temple tax (Matthew 17:24—27) was a Pharisaic innovation on Exodus 30:12—16 that was opposed by the Sadducees (beginning of Megillat Ta’anit) and the Essenes (4Q159 f1ii.7).