Footnotes

1.

See BAR’s Bicentennial Salute—The United States Navy Explores the Holy Land” by Emanuel Levine, BAR 02:04.

Endnotes

1.

Genesis 14:3; Numbers 34:3, 12; Deuteronomy 3:17; Joshua 3:16, 12:3, 15:2, 5, 18:19. It is also called yam haarabaÆ, “Sea of the Aravah,” (Deuteronomy 3:17, 4:49; Joshua 3:16, 12:3; 2 Kings 14:25), and yam haggadmoÆni, “East[ern]/Former Sea” (Ezekiel 47:18; Joel 2:20; Zechariah 14:8).

2.

Pausanias, Periegesis 5.7, 4–5.

3.

Barry J. Beitzel, The Moody Atlas of Bible Lands (Chicago: Moody Press, 1985), p. 2.

4.

For additional information, see Atlas of Israel, 3rd ed. (Tel Aviv: Survey of Israel, 1985), pp. 14–15.

5.

J. Neumann, Science Bulletin, Research Council of Israel 7, (1958), pp. 137–163.

6.

Josephus, The Jewish War 4.8.4; cf. Pilgrim of Bordeaux, annotated edition of P. Wesseling, Vetera Romanorum Itinera (Amsterdam: Wetstenium & Smith, 1735); cf. John Wilkinson, Egeria’s Travels to the Holy Land (Jerusalem: Ariel, 1981), pp. 161–163.

7.

For this translation of ummanu, the reader is advised to consult Wolfram von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (Wiesbaden, West Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1959), p. 1415; cf. The Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 8 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 11a.

8.

Diodorus 1.2.

9.

Xenophon, Anabasis 1. 2. 21–22; 1. 5. 7–8; 4. 1. 10; 5. 1. 13–15; 5. 2. 6.

10.

Flavius Josephus, The Jewish Wars 3. 6. 2; 3. 7. 3.

11.

Josephus, Wars 5. 2. 1.

12.

Text B.590, the relevant section of which was originally published by André Finet, “Adalsenni, roi de Burundum,” Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 60 (1966), pp. 24–28; cf. Moshe Greenberg, The Hab/piru (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1955), p. 18, #15.

13.

Will Durant, The Story of Civilization, vol. 3 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), p. 323.

14.

Will Durant, The Story of Civilization, vol. 3 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), p. 323.

15.

Robert J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology, Vol. 2 (Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1965), p. 138, and bibliography cited there.

16.

For such averages within Canaan, refer to Sir Harry Luke, Traveller’s Handbook for Palestine and Syria (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton & Kent, 1924), pp. 206, 275–279. For the same averages in Mesopotamia, consult Alois Musil, The Middle Euphrates, a topographical itinerary, (New York: American Geographical Society, 1927), p. 200.

17.

For a bibliography of Roman milestones, see Peter Thomsen, ‘Die römischen Meilentseine der Provinzen Syria, Arabia und Palaestina,” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina Vereins 40 (1917), pp. 1–103; Michael Avi-Yonah, “Map of Roman Palestine,” Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 5 (Jerusalem, 1936), pp. 139–193 (see now The Holy Land: From the Persian to the Arab Conquests (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House), pp. 181–187 (due caution must be exercised in the use of these two volumes); Richard G. Goodchild, “The Coastal Road of Phoenicia and Its Roman Milestones,” Berytus 9 (1948–1949), pp. 91–127; Yehuda Karmon, “Geographical Influences on the Historical Routes in the Sharon Plain,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 93 (1961), pp. 43–60; Shimon Dar and Shimon Applebaum, “The Road from Antipatris to Caesarea,” PEQ 105 (1973), pp. 91–99; Benjamin H. Isaac and Israel Roll, “A Milestone of A.D. 69 from Judaea: the Elder Trajan and Vespasian,” The Journal of Roman Studies 66 (1976), pp. 15–19; Roman Roads in Judaea I (Oxford, England: British Archaeological Reports International Series, 1982).

18.

Cf. Luckenbill, vol. 1, p. 243, #672.

19.

ANET, p. 287b.

20.

Christian von Adrichom, Theatrum Terrae Sanctae et Biblicarum Historiarum cum tabulis geographicis aere expressis (Cologne: Jodocus Henricus Kramer, 1584), p. 115, section 100.