First Person: Was Pontius Pilate’s Ring Discovered at Herodium?
On November 29, 2018, news broke out of Jerusalem that a ring had been discovered at Herod the Great’s eponymous mountain fortress of Herodium, just 3 miles southeast of Bethlehem. Two facts about the simple copper-alloy piece of jewelry were reason for worldwide headlines. First, the ring was discovered at Herodium … in 1969! The ring was actually unearthed during an excavation led by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem professor Gideon Foerster during the 1968–1969 season. However, only recently did a thorough cleaning and advances in photographic technology allow for the second interesting fact about this ring to be exposed: It bears the Greek inscription ΠΙΛΑΤΟ (PILATO)—the name of Pontius Pilate!
Of course, the discovery of a ring bearing such an inscription is sensational. And the initial press reports were equally dramatic: “Ring of Roman Governor Pontius Pilate Who Crucified Jesus Found in Herodion Site in West Bank” read one headline. Almost immediately, however, scholars began asking one important question about the peculiar spelling of Pilate’s name on the ring.
The name PONTIUS PILATUS appears in Latin on the “Pilate Stone,” which was discovered in reuse in Caesarea. The Roman governor describes himself as [PRAEF]ECTUS IUDA[EA]E, or “Prefect of Judea.” Here, Pilate, who commissioned the inscription to honor his imperial benefactor, the emperor Tiberius, refers to himself in the Latin nominative (subject) case: PILATUS.
The ring discovered at Herodium is inscribed in Greek. And while Pilate minted several coins in Greek, he never placed his name on his coins, opting yet again to honor his benefactor, Tiberius, with the Greek inscription ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙϹΑΡΟϹ (Tiberiou Kaisaros; “of Tiberius Caesar”). Here, Pilate inscribes Tiberius’s name using the Greek genitive (possessive case) to indicate that the coin was minted during the rule and under the authority of Tiberius.
We can look at other contemporary Judean coins and see the use of the genitive and nominative cases there as well. Herod the Great used the genitive when minting his coins, inscribing ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ (Hērodōu Basileōs; “of King Herod”). His son, Herod Antipas, used the genitive and inscribed ΗΡꞶΔΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ (Hērodōu Tetrarchou; “of Herod the Tetrarch”).
Thus, for a Greek rendering of Pontius Pilate’s name in an inscription, we should expect the use of the nominative (subject) case, which would appear as ΠΙΛΑΤΟΣ or ΠΙΛΑΤΟϹ (PILATOS), or the genitive (possessive) case, which would appear as ΠΙΛΑΤΟΥ (PILATOU). However, on the so-called Pilate Ring discovered at the Herodium, we find ΠΙΛΑΤΟ (PILATO).
The question is why?
One solution offered by Cate Bonesho, University of California, Los Angeles, Assistant Professor of Early Judaism, is that ΠΙΛΑΤΟ may be a Greek transliteration of the Latin dative form of the name Pilatus. The dative form in both Greek and Latin is used as an indirect object, for example, to indicate to whom an object is being sent. If this is the case, then the thin and inexpensively made ring may have been worn not by Pilate himself, but by some papyrus-pusher working for Pilate, who may have collected goods for the governor on behalf of Rome in the region south of Jerusalem and sent those goods to Pilate.
We know that Pilate used Herod the Great’s former palaces as his own residences in both Caesarea and Jerusalem, so there’s reason to believe that Herod’s palace at Herodium served as a Roman administrative center. Pilate repaired Herodium, and it continued to be active during his rule.
Thus, it is entirely possible that the Pilate Ring was not worn by the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate at all. Rather, it may very well have been worn by a regional administrator collecting taxes for the Romans, who simply stamped items and document seals bound for Pilate—PILATO.—B.C.