In contrast to Jewish and Muslims iconoclasts, Christians seldom objected to images of animals or everyday people. Instead, they focused their wrath on depictions of sacred figures like Christ, the saints and the Virgin Mary. The Nicene Councils of the fourth century A.D. established the Christian orthodoxy that Christ, the man, and God, the father, were “of one essence.” In the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., Christian iconoclasts in the Byzantine Empire conducted a vigorous campaign against sacred icons, in the belief that pictorial representations of Jesus unduly emphasized his human nature. Their position was first formally stated by the Council of Iconoclasts, convened in Hieria, near Constantinople, in 754 A.D.:
“It is the unanimous doctrine of all the holy Fathers and of the six Ecumenical Synods, that no one may imagine any kind of separation or mingling in opposition to the unsearchable, unspeakable, and incomprehensible union of the natures [of God and Christ] in one hypostasis or person.
“What avails, then, the folly of the painter, who from sinful love of gain depicts that which should not be depicted—that is, with his polluted hands he tries to fashion that which should only be believed in the heart and confessed with the mouth? He makes an image and calls it Christ. The name Christ signifies God and Man. Consequently, it is an image of God and man, and consequently he has in his foolish mind, in his representation of the created flesh, depicted the Godhead which cannot be represented, and thus mingled what should not be mingled He is guilty of a double blasphemy—the one in making an image of the Godhead, and the other by mingling the Godhead and manhood. Those fall into the same blasphemy who venerate the image, and the same woe rests upon them both
“The only admissible figure of the humanity of Christ is bread and wine in the holy Supper. This and no other form, this and no other type, has he chosen to represent his incarnation. Bread he ordered to be brought, but not as a representation of the human form, so that idolatry might not arise
“The Saints live on eternally with God, although they have died. If anyone thinks to call them back to life again with dead art, discovered by the heathen, he makes himself guilty of blasphemy. Who dares attempt with heathenish art to paint the Mother of God, who is exalted above all heavens and the Saints? It is not permitted to Christians, who have the hope of the resurrection, to imitate the customs of demon-worshippers, and to insult the saints, who shine in so great glory, by common dead matter.”
Translated by H.R. Percival, The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Library of the Undivided Church, in P. Shaff and H. Wallace, eds., A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1955), vol. 14:543–544.
