You have already read your free article for this month. Please join the BAS Library or become an All Access member of BAS to gain full access to this article and so much more.
Already a library member? Log in here.
Institution user? Log in with your IP address or Username
Footnotes
See Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar, “Edom & Copper: The Emergence of Ancient Israel’s Rival,” BAR 32:04.
In the annotated index to the authoritative English translation of Eusebius’s Onomasticon, the site is spelled Phainon, but the entry notes that the site is also known as Phin, Phinon, Fenum, Fin, Fenon, Pinon, Punon, Phaisnon and Feinan. Today, following modern Arabic, it is also spelled Faynan.
Endnotes
For a “global snapshot” of the beginning of Old World metallurgy, see D. Wengrow, What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of the West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
T.E. Levy, Journey to the Copper Age—Archaeology in the Holy Land (San Diego: San Diego Museum of Man, 2007).
A. Hauptmann, The Archaeo-metallurgy of Copper—Evidence from Faynan, Jordan (New York: Springer, 2007), p. 43.
T.E. Levy, and S. Shalev, “Prehistoric Metalworking in the Southern Levant: Archaeometallurgy and Social Perspectives,” World Archaeology 20 (1989), pp. 353–372.
T.E. Levy, R. B. Adams, A. Hauptmann, M. Prange, S. Schmitt-Strecker and M. Najjar, “Early Bronze Age Metallurgy: A Newly Discovered Copper Manufactory in Southern Jordan,” Antiquity 76 (2002), pp. 25–37.
H. Kind, D.K.K.J. Gilies, A. Hauptmann and G. Weisgerber, “Coins from Faynan, Jordan,” Levant 37 (2005), pp. 169–195.
See D.J. Mattingly, Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2011) and H.A. Friedman, “Industry and Empire: Administration of the Roman and Byzantine Faynan” (University of Leicester: unpublished PhD, 2008).
D. Mattingly, P. Newson, O. Creighton, R. Tomber, J. Grattan, C. Hunt, D. Gilbertson, H. el-Rishi and B. Pyatt, “A Landscape of Imperial Power: Roman and Byzantine Phaino,” in G. Barker, D. Gilbertson and D. Mattingly, eds., Archaeology and Desertification—The Wadi Faynan Landscape Survey, Southern Jordan, vol. 6 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007), pp. 305–348.
For overviews of the Nabatean kingdom in the Negev and Hijaz, see M. Babelli, Mada’in Saleh (Riyadh: M. Babelli, 2007) and M. Evenari, L. Shanan and N. Tadmor, The Negev—The Challenge of a Desert, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1982).
Eusebius, Martyrs in Palestine; the account in Ecclesiastical History also recites that Sylvanus was beheaded at Phaeno.
G. Weisgerber and A. Hauptmann, “Early Copper Mining and Smelting in Palestine,” in R. Maddin, ed., The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988), pp. 52–62, and A. Hauptmann, The Archaeometallurgy of Copper: Evidence from Faynan, Jordan, p. 146.
Nelson Glueck, The Other Side of the Jordan (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1940).
H.D. Kind, “Antike Kupfergewinnung zwischen Rotem und Totem Meer,” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 81 (1966), pp. 56–73.
B. Rothenburg, “Explorations and Investigations in the Mines of the Timna Valley (Israel): Paleomorphology as Key to Major Problems in Mining Research,” Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva 22 (2005), pp. 133–148.
See Erez Ben-Yosef, Thomas E. Levy and Mohammad Najjar, “New Iron Age Copper-Mine Fields Discovered in Southern Jordan,” Near Eastern Archaeology 72, no. 2 (2009), p. 8.
F.B. Pyatt, G. Gilmore, J.P. Grattan, C.O. Hunt and S. McLaren, “An Imperial Legacy? An Exploration of the Environmental Impact of Ancient Metal Mining and Smelting in Southern Jordan,” Journal of Archaeological Science 27 (2000), pp. 771–778.