Footnotes

1.

The Bronze Age is subdivided into Early Bronze (3200–2000 B.C.), Middle Bronze (2000–1550 B.C.) and Late Bronze (1550–1200 B.C.). Each of these is also further subdivided.

2.

The Iron Age is subdivided into Iron Age I (1200–1000 B.C.), Iron Age II (1000–586 B.C.), and, sometimes, Iron Age III (586–330 B.C.).

3.

Pure copper metallurgy developed to a high degree, not only in the old world from Eastern Europe to Pakistan but even in North America.

4.

A tuyère is an opening in a furnace through which a blast of air enters, facilitating combustion.

5.

There are a number of minor deposits—in the Makhtesh southwest of the Dead Sea, in the Galilee and in the Wadi Arabah—but the only major ore deposit is that at Mugharat el Wardeh in the vicinity of Ajlun, about 20 miles north-northwest of Amman, a deposit that would be exploited today were it not so inaccessible.

6.

See 13th century B.C. iron sickle illustrated in “The Israelite Occupation of Canaan,” BAR 08:03.

7.

The exception is an iron knife from Hama which was not found in this Mycenaean IIIC1 context.

8.

See “The Israelite Occupation of Canaan,” BAR 08:03, by Yohanan Aharoni.

9.

See “An Israelite Village from the Days of the Judges,” BAR 04:03, by Aaron Demsky and Moshe Kochavi.

10.

See Aharoni, “The Israelite Occupation of Canaan,” BAR 08:03.

11.

See Dothan, “What We Know About the Philistines,” BAR 08:04.

12.

See Aharoni, “The Israelite Occupation of Canaan,” BAR 08:03.

13.

Our analysis of this material led to the conclusion that Tel Mor served as a recycling or reprocessing center for the impoverished bronze industry of the 12th century B.C.

14.

The “furnaces” at Tell Deir Alla have been related to the passage in 1 Samuel 13:19–22, as representing one of the places where the Israelites went down to have their metal implements repaired, but the published plans indicate that what was excavated there were pottery kilns of the channel type, best known from second millennium sites on the island of Crete.

Endnotes

1.

Ernst Weidner, “Ausden Tageneines assyrischen Schattenkonigs,” Archiv fur Orientforschung, Vol. X, pp. 148.

2.

W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford University Press, 1960, pp. 146–147, lines 51–52.

3.

R. J. Forbes, “The Coming of Iron,” Jaarbericht … Ex Orient Lux, 910 (1944–48 [1952], pp. 207–14.

4.

Trude Dothan, The Philistines and Their Material Culture (Yale University Press, 1982), p. 92, Table 1; and Jane Waldbaum, From Bronze to Iron (Goteborg, Sweden: 1978).