Features

Part III: How the Alphabet Democratized Civilization

Our previous two issues have featured a wide-ranging interview with the world-renowned scholar Frank Moore Cross, the recently retired Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University. The first installment (see “Frank Moore Cross— An Interview,” BR 08:04) focused on the origins of the ancient Israelites, especially on Cross’s view that […]

The Dead Sea Scrolls and Early Christianity: Part Two
What they share By James C. VanderKam

Many of the ritual and community practices of the Qumran covenanters, who lived near the Dead Sea and who produced what we call the Dead Sea Scrolls, have impressive parallels among New Testament Christians. Here are just a few: Acts describes the events of the first Pentecost after Jesus’ crucifixion. It then describes the […]

Ebla and the Bible
What’s left (if anything)? By Alan R. Millard

I remember it well. It was early October 1975. We were sitting on top of the tell having lunch. One of our guests, Afif Bahnassi, the director of the Department of Antiquities of Syria, had come to visit the British Archaeological Expedition to Tell Nebi Mend (ancient Qadesh), where Pharaoh Ramesses II had […]

Part II: The Development of Israelite Religion

In the August 1992 BR we published the first part of a three-part interview with the world-renowned scholar Frank Moore Cross (see Frank Moore Cross—An Interview, BR 08:04). The interview, conducted in Cross’s home in Lexington, Massachusetts, occurred on the occasion of his retirement as Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at […]

Susanna
A case of sexual harassment in ancient Babylon By Carey A. Moore

True or not, Anita Hill told the story of her alleged sexual harassment by the now-Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas to a nationwide television audience of millions, fascinated by the drama of sex and power. But Susanna was never given the opportunity to tell how she had been sexually harassed by two scurrilous old […]

Introduction

I began the interview in his Lexington, Massachusetts home by asking Professor Cross if he recognized the following quotation: “The whole of the ancient Near East has been his bailiwick—its geography and archaeology, its languages and literature, its history and religion. I suspect that he is the last…generalist with the specialist’s precision in designated […]

The Book of Esther
Where does fiction start and history end? By Michael Heltzer

The Book of Esther is the only book of the Hebrew Bible that describes life in the Jewish Diaspora, or dispersion. Although the book is relatively little known among Christians, it is known by Jews because it is the basis of the joyous Jewish holiday called Purim, which celebrates the reprieve of the […]

New Light on the Pharisees
Insights from the Dead Sea Scrolls By Lawrence H. Schiffman

The texts from Qumran lead us to a new understanding of the history of Judaism in the Second Temple period. Initial research on the scrolls naturally concentrated on the Dead Sea Scroll sect. But the full corpus will teach us a tremendous amount about other Jewish groups as well, as I argued in an […]

Part I: Israelite Origins

Hershel Shanks: I have heard you speak of Israelite origins but I have not seen in print your belief that the Israelites came out of Egypt and traveled to Canaan via Saudi Arabia. Is that correct?

Biblical Leprosy

“Unclean! Unclean!”

The Mysterious Copper Scroll
Clues to hidden temple treasure? By P. Kyle McCarter Jr.

The Copper Scroll (3Q15 or 3QTreasure) is an anomaly in the inventory of scrolls from Qumran. It does not fit readily into any of the categories customarily included when the scrolls are discussed. It is not biblical, it is not literary and it does not contain sectarian doctrine. It is written in a […]

Were Words Separated in Ancient Hebrew Writing?

Twice in recent issues of Bible Review, in otherwise excellent articles, Harvey Minkoff has asserted that “Ancient [Hebrew] manuscripts generally did not leave space between words.”a Writing without word divisions is called scriptio continua, or continuous writing. Ancient Greek was commonly written like that. Stone monuments from Athens and other Greek cities, Greek papyri […]

The Hidden Hand of God

The preceding article discusses historical events that may or may not be reflected in the fascinating book of Esther. The article that follows explores ways that traditional Jewish exegetes seek deeper and sometimes mystical meaning in the text. —Ed.

Tobit
Teaching Jews how to live in the Diaspora By Amy-Jill Levine

A mix of folktale and prayer, biblical themes and classical motifs, Tobit depicts a fantastic tale of Diaspora life. Containing an angel in disguise, a murderous demon, a magical fish and a young man on a journey to maturity, the Book of Tobit is not told simply to entertain. Rather, it provides carefully crafted […]

How to Buy a Bible

To the uninitiated, the Bible is the Bible. To get one, you go to a bookstore and ask for a Bible. Readers of BR know better. The English-speaking student of the Bible is blessed with dozens of translations in hundreds of editions. What distinguishes them one from another?

Did Sarah Have a Seminal Emission?

The anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews contains a justly famous panegyric to faith (see the sidebar to this article). In a series of sentences that begins “By faith,” the letter recites the accomplishments of ancient heroes—Abel, Enoch, Noah; then Abraham—and Sarah. What did Sarah accomplish by faith? The Greek contains a difficult term. Taken […]

Epispasm—Circumcision in Reverse
For nearly 600 years, some Jews tried to remove the mark of the covenant By Robert G. Hall

“Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised on the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.” So said God to Abraham, establishing the covenant of circumcision, a covenant “between me and you and your descendants after you” (Genesis 17:10, 14). For centuries, Jewish boys […]

How Mary Magdalene Became a Whore
Mary Magdalene is in fact the primary witness to the fundamental data of early Christian faith By Jane Schaberg

Mention the name Mary Magdalene and most people will free-associate the word “whore,” albeit the repentant whore whose love for Jesus led him to forgive her. In Jesus Christ—Superstar, Andrew Lloyd Webber and Timothy Rice’s 1970s musical, she is depicted as a prostitute platonically in love with Jesus, not having a sexual affair with […]

Jubilees
How it rewrote the Bible By James C. VanderKam

The book of Jubilees belongs to a category of literature that contemporary scholars designate by the pleasantly vague tag “the Rewritten Bible.”1 The author of the book, like a number of other ancient Jewish writers, found it convenient to convey his message through an annotated presentation of the older text. In this way he […]

Feminist Interpretations of the Bible: Then and Now
The Bible has frequently been used as a weapon to oppress women By Pamela J. Milne

Feminism—and the movement arising from it—may be the most important revolutionary development in human history. It seeks nothing less than the true equality of women. Some have compared the feminist movement to the Copernican revolution: Like the Copernican revolution, the feminist movement has already changed the way we view and understand the world.1 We […]

An Off-Duty Archaeologist Looks at Psalm 23

The warm welcoming words, gentle pastoral setting, simple lyricism, strong sense of devotion and profound truth of divine love and care have made Psalm 23 one of the best-known and best-loved poems in the world. It is so famous that it has influenced the development of the English language. Transcending time, phrases from […]

If The Bible’s So Patriarchal, How Come I Love It?
Can women serve two authorities, a master called Scripture and a mistress called feminism? By Phyllis Trible

Early in the 1970s, I listened to animated discussions about feminism. I did not have to be converted. At the same time, I also understood that Scripture nourished my life, that the Bible I grew up with in Sunday school continued to feed me. To be sure, I had learned in college and […]

Prisca and Aquila
Traveling tentmakers and church builders By Jerome Murphy-O’Connor

Aquila and his wife Priscilla are the most prominent couple involved in the first-century expansion of Christianity. They were Paul’s hosts at Corinth (Acts 18:2–3). Subsequently they directed house-churches at Ephesus (1 Corinthians 16:19) and Rome (Romans 16:3–5). Their contacts with Paul and their presence in three of the most important centers of early […]

Departments

Perspective
New BR expands its reach
Seeing the Ethical Within the Ritual
Israel’s priests spoke in rituals, not in words. Their basic values are in the main ethical, and are ensconced in the rituals prescribed in the priestly texts of the Pentateuch. By Jacob Milgrom
Different Ways of Looking at the Bible
“God’s story” or a “human composition”? These two views of Scripture have been responsible for much confusion and conflict in religious communities since the Enlightenment. By Marcus J. Borg
A Worldwide Pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Not to result in a religious conversion, but to hearing the “teaching” that goes forth from Zion in the name of the God who is worshipped there. The universal is to be found in the particular. By Bernhard W. Anderson
“Subdue the Earth”: What Does It Mean?
Humans received a God-given freedom to choose between a lifestyle that fosters life on this planet or that leads to death for the earth and its inhabitants. In the words of Deuteronomy 30:19: “Choose life so that you and your descendants may live.” By Bernhard W. Anderson
Luke’s Holy Land and Jesus’ Company
Only in Luke do we find a group of women among Jesus’ followers who parallel the 12 male disciples. If Luke reflects any prejudice, it is against people who are wealthy and comfortable. By Helmut Koester
The First Christmas
I am a Christian who does not believe in the virgin birth, nor in the star of Bethlehem, nor in the journey of the wisemen. By Marcus J. Borg
Hebrew for Bible Readers
Past, present and future By Keith N. Schoville
Food and Faith: The Ethical Foundations of the Biblical Diet Laws
The Bible has worked out a system of restrictions whereby humans may satiate their lust for animal flesh and not be dehumanized. These laws teach reverence for life. By Jacob Milgrom
Finding Morality In Luke’s Disturbing Parables
Are there limits to love and generosity? Is wealth a good thing? Should justice be impartial? Does following the commandments and giving to the poor make a person acceptable to God? Luke has a few surprises for us. By Helmut Koester
Greek for Bible Readers
The study of syntax By David Alan Black
The Book of Numbers
Censuses in ancient Israel
Hebrew for Bible Readers
Strong and weak roots and narrative verb forms By Keith N. Schoville
Hebrew for Bible Readers
Verb forms for shades of meaning By Keith N. Schoville
Greek for Bible Readers
“Ask, and it will be given you…” (Matthew 7:7) By David Alan Black
Hebrew for Bible Readers
Verb forms for shades of meaning, part III By Keith N. Schoville
Hebrew for Bible Readers
Verb forms for shades of meaning, part II By Keith N. Schoville
Greek for Bible Readers
Greek verbs: An overview By David Alan Black
Bible Lands
The Jordan—Symbol of Spiritual Transition By Harold Brodsky
Greek for Bible Readers
Greek verbs: Tenses and aspect By David Alan Black
Glossary
Typological numbers taking a count of the Bible By Maureen A. Tilley